厦门西海域表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态

采用逐级浸出法对厦门西海域6个表层沉积物样品中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的赋存形态进行分析.结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中各重金属元素主要来源于人为输入的各种活性形态,自然输入的残渣态(RES)所占比例较低(10%～20%),在环境条件变化时具有向水相迁移和为水生物所利用的潜在风险性;其中Cu、Cr和Ni的赋存形态以铁锰氧化态(ERO和MRO)和有机物及硫化物结合态(OSM)为主,Pb和Cd则以碳酸盐态(CARB)、铁锰氧化态和有机物及硫化物结合态为主,Zn的各形态所占比例相对比较平均.此次研究对该海域表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态特征有了基本了解,有助于进一步研究金属元素在近海环境中的迁移和形态转化机制.     

干湿交替过程中重金属在碱性盐化表层土壤中的迁移特征

为了研究干湿交替过程中水盐运动引起的表层土壤中重金属的迁移转化规律,利用相连通的2个圆柱体,模拟7 d和14 d两个周期干湿交替过程,并分析其中水盐变化对碱性盐化表层土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb等的迁移和转化的影响.结果表明:干湿交替过程中水盐运动最终会造成表层土壤中重金属含量的下降;土壤中重金属总量的变化趋势与含水率相反,而盐度的影响可被水分的影响所掩盖;干湿交替过程中的水盐运动引起重金属形态变化,其中Cd的可交换态含量和Cr、Ni的铁锰氧化态含量增加,Cd的铁锰氧化态含量、Cr的有机结合态含量以及Ni、Cu和Pb的碳酸盐结合态含量减少,而Cu和Pb的有机结合态和铁锰氧化态含量变化基本上体现出此消彼长的特点.这些结果表明,干湿交替过程中的水盐运动对表层土壤中的重金属具有活化作用.     

干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd,Pb,Zn形态分布与芹菜有效性

以干旱区绿洲耕层土壤为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,利用Tessier连续提取法研究了原状土以及外源可溶性重金属Cd,Pb,Zn加入土壤后重金属形态分布,分析了土壤中重金属不同化学形态与芹菜有效性之间的关系。结果表明:原状土壤中Cd主要以铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐结合态形式存在,Pb和Zn主要以残渣态形式存在;随着重金属负荷的增大,三种重金属各形态质量分数均有不同程度的提高,Cd以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态为主要赋存形态,Pb和Zn均以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态为主要赋存形态。实验土壤中,对芹菜Cd吸收量贡献最大的分别为可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,对Pb吸收量贡献最大的分别是碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,对Zn吸收量贡献最大的分别是碳酸盐结合态和可交换态。     

污水厂污泥中重金属有效态分布特征研究

通过Tessier逐步提取法结合AAS测试进行Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn、Ni六种重金属元素的有效态试验,并对污水厂污泥和当地土壤进行了对照分析。分析结果表明,Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn、Ni在污水厂污泥中主要以不容易迁移的有机态和残渣态存在。Cu、Ni、Zn的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态含量要高于当地土壤,Pb、Cr、Cd等元素易迁移的前三种有效态含量低于当地土壤。当该污水厂污泥用于土壤调节或植物栽培时,有可能引起Cu、Ni、Zn等元素由污泥向土壤继而通过土壤向植物和水体迁移,不宜直接用于土地利用或土壤改良。     

城市交通对道路周边土壤重金属污染影响的研究

为研究城市公路交通对路边土壤重金属污染的影响,以北京市西三环主要立交桥路段为研究样区,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法,对土壤中重金属Ni,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd的含量进行了测定,并采用改进的BCR连续提取法,对土壤样品中各种重金属的存在形态进行了分析。研究表明:除Cu外,道路周边土壤中其他重金属含量总体上均明显高于同一地区远离交通干道的清洁区土壤;其中Ni,Cr,Pb,Zn,Cd最高分别较清洁区高1.17倍、1.59倍、2.20倍、1.77倍和1.96倍。从各种重金属的形态分布特点看,Cd主要以酸可提取态和氧化物结合态存在;Pb主要以有机物与硫化物结合态存在;Cu,Cr,Zn,Ni主要以残渣态存在。     

湘江长株潭段底泥重金属存在形态及生物有效性

采集了湘江长株潭段10个断面的表层沉积物样,用优化的BCR连续萃取法对表层沉积物中重金属进行形态提取,对重金属形态分布特征进行了研究,并对研究区表层沉积物中的重金属生物有效性作了初步探讨.研究结果表明:表层沉积物中重金属酸溶解态含量以Cd、Zn、Mn元素高,生物有效性高.Mn、Pb元素的铁锰氧化物结合态含量相对很高,在一定条件下有较强的释放,易形成二次污染.Cu形态以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,在适当的地球化学条件下,可能被重新释放进入环境中,对周围的生态系统构成一定的威胁.Cd、Zn虽然绝大部分以残渣态形式存在,但酸溶态也占有相当比例,且存在总量较大,其污染不可忽视.Cr、Ni主要以残渣态为主,在环境中能较稳定存在,不易释放出来,生态危害难以在短时间内发生.图8,表1,参10.     

山口红树林保护区英罗港表层沉积物重金属形态的分布特征

通过对广西山口红树林自然保护区英罗港红树林湿地表层沉积物粒度和重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的分析,探讨重金属在红树林表层沉积物中的存在形态和分布规律。本文发现英罗港红树林林内表层沉积物粉砂和黏土所占比例高于光滩,并且林内沉积物Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量均高于光滩。表层沉积物中粉砂和黏土所占比例与重金属含量呈显著正相关,符合重金属的粒度效应。英罗港表层沉积物Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd平均含量低于国内其他主要红树林生长区域,表明该地区表层沉积物重金属污染相对较小。英罗港红树林沉积物重金属主要存在形态为残渣态,表明该区域重金属元素生物有效性较小。红树林林内沉积物非残渣态可氧化态重金属所占比例较高,这与红树林沉积物富含有机质和硫化物有关。光滩沉积物可还原态所占比例较高,这可能是光滩沉积物的砂质较多,通气性好,呈现氧化性的结果。     

海泡石与菌根对污染土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn形态的影响

为修复重金属复合污染的土壤,采用连续提取法,通过盆栽实验研究了海泡石与菌根对土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn形态的影响。结果表明:海泡石可使Pb、Cd的可交换态转化成其他4种形态,使Zn的可交换态转化成碳酸盐结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态;菌根能显著增加可交换态的Pb、Cd、Zn浓度,降低了Pb的碳酸盐结合态、Cd的铁锰氧化态、Zn的有机物结合态的浓度。海泡石和菌根联合处理同单施海泡石的结果相似,说明联合修复中对重金属形态的影响海泡石起主导作用。该研究证实了海泡石可以调节重金属Pb、Cd、Zn的形态,从而降低污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性。     

巢湖流域典型城市环城河沉积物重金属形态及垂直分布特征

采用改良的连续提取法(BCR)对巢湖市环城河沉积物重金属总量及其赋存形态进行了测定和分析.结果表明,巢湖市环城河采样点表层(0～10 cm)沉积物中重金属的质量分数分别为29.5～224.3 mg·kg-1 (Pb),21.3～78.1 mg·kg-1 (Ni),67.5～1 126.3 mg·kg-1 (Cr),50.7～217.4 mg·kg-1 (Cu);新城区西环城河沉积物重金属的质量分数明显高于老城区东环城河;其中以Cr的质量分数在不同采样点差异最为显著.不同采样点沉积物中重金属总量随深度变化特征差异明显,西环城河沉积物不同深度重金属的质量分数较低,且随深度变化较小;受污染较严重的东环城河沉积物不同深度重金属的质量分数普遍较高,且垂直变化波动较大;所调查的4个沉积物柱状样能较好表征周边环境现状和污染历程.4个采样点不同深度沉积物重金属的可交换及碳酸盐结合态的质量分数占总量的百分比均不超过5％,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在;Ni主要以残渣态存在;Cr主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态存在;Cu则主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在;不同采样点柱状沉积物各重金属形态垂向分布也存在显著差异,次生相与原生相分布比值(Rsp)法分析结果显示,巢湖市东环城河2个采样点柱状沉积物R.值明显高于西环城河,其重金属潜在污染生态风险较高,其中Pb和Cr属于中度或重度污染水平.     

利用化学萃取法研究长春市土壤重金属化学形态及其影响因素

利用化学萃取法研究长春市土壤重金属化学形态, 分析其化学形态与土壤负荷水平、 理化性质的关系表明, 土壤中Pb和Cu主要以残渣态和有机结合态为主; Cd主要以残渣态和交换态为主; Zn主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主. Cd的活性形态含量最高, 为31.98%. 交换态Cd和Zn含量及活性与土壤重金属负荷水平呈正相关; Cu和Pb铁锰氧化态的含量随负荷水平增加而下降; Zn和Pb碳酸盐结合态与负荷水平无关. 交换态Cd与土壤阳离 子交换量呈显著正相关, 而Cd的活性与土壤阳离子交换量呈显著负相关; 在碱性条件下, Cd, Cu, Pb和Zn的碳酸盐结合态与pH呈正相关; 重金属铁锰氧化态含量随着氧化还原电位的增加而降低, 而残渣态相反. Cu有机结合态与有机质呈显著正相关.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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