枸杞根系内生真菌的染色方法

为更好地观察枸杞(L ycium barbarum)根系内生丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(dark seprate endophytes,DSE)侵染定殖特征,建立了一种枸杞根系内生真菌适宜的染色方法.将健康枸杞根样置于100 g/L的KOH溶液中90...     

养分添加对青藏高原高寒草甸丛枝菌根真菌的影响

基于海北站的养分添加实验平台探讨养分输入对青藏高原高寒草甸丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的影响。实验处理包括: 1) 对照; 2) 10 gN/(m²•a)的氮添加; 3) 5 gP/(m²•a)的磷添加; 4) 10 gK/(m²•a)的钾添加。利用醋酸墨水染色法定量分析各处理下植物根系的AMF侵染率。结果表明, 氮添加使总的AMF侵染率显著减少27%, 但对AMF的丛枝丰度和囊泡多度无显著影响; 磷添加和钾添加对AMF均无显著影响, 但是磷添加使AMF侵染率有降低趋势。可以得到, 不同养分添加对高寒草甸植物与AMF的共生关系具有不同影响, 由此可能会引起物种组成等一系列的变化, 影响生态系统结构和功能, 因此在评估养分添加效应时应该考虑其对AMF的影响。     

镉、铜复合污染下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米重金属吸收的影响

 农田重金属污染引发的环境问题日益受到关注。通过盆栽实验,开展Cd、Cu 复合污染条件下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对玉米的接种研究,探讨了重金属污染对宿主与AMF 共生的影响、AMF 对玉米重金属耐受性和吸收方面的作用。结果显示,AMF 具有一定的Cd、Cu 耐性,但重金属处理能明显抑制AMF 对玉米根系的侵染（P<0.05）,尤其是减少AMF 的丛枝和泡囊结构形成。重金属明显抑制了玉米的生长,但AMF 能够缓解重金属的生物毒性效应,表现为玉米植株的生物量、株高的显著增加（P<0.05）。接种AMF 会显著提高玉米对Cd 和Cu 的积累（P<0.05）。结果表明,重金属污染对农田生态系统中农作物和AMF 均具有潜在的危害。在一定程度重金属污染的农田生态系统中,AMF 能够改善农作物对重金属的耐性,也可能提高重金属进入人类食物链的风险。     

非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网和碳酸钙互作对香樟幼苗氮磷养分的影响

为考察非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网(后简称菌根网)和碳酸钙互作对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗氮磷养分的影响，模拟构建了植物根际和非根际隔室装置，采用尼龙网隔离实现根际与非根际隔室菌根网互联，在根际隔室中种植香樟幼苗并接种丛枝菌根真菌，在非根际隔室施加或未施加外源碳酸钙，培养期结束后测定植物生物量和氮、磷含量。结果显示：菌根网对香樟幼苗植株生物量，氮、磷摄取量及氮磷比有明显影响；施加碳酸钙明对幼苗植株氮含量、氮摄取量及氮磷比有明显的影响；在施加碳酸钙后菌根网明显提升了幼苗植株生物量，氮含量及氮、磷摄取量，叶片氮、磷摄取量和根的氮磷比；在菌根网存在时施加碳酸钙可明显提高植株氮含量、根和叶的氮摄取量以及根的氮磷比；菌根网与碳酸钙的交互作用明显影响了幼苗植株氮含量，氮、磷摄取量和氮磷比，但对幼苗植株生物量无明显影响。研究结果提示非根际喀斯特土壤中互联菌根网和碳酸钙相互作用能够促进植物对氮磷养分的吸收利用。     

丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用对矿区沙土改良效应

 针对神东矿区采煤塌陷地土壤不断沙化、植物难以定植的特点,通过室内盆栽模拟试验,研究丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用对矿区沙土改良效应。结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用提高了玉米生物量和根系活力。当施加腐殖酸质量分数为0.05%时,菌根与其联合作用对玉米生长和沙土的改良效果最优,玉米干质量比空白对照组高出73%,根际土壤中的有效磷含量和酸性磷酸酶活性分别提高了30%和49%,玉米根际土壤菌丝密度比空白对照提高了0.8 m/g,且根际土壤中微生物数量增加显著。丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用有利于玉米生长,对退化沙土具有改良效应。     

不同接种物对分离丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在实验室条件下,用野外采集的植物根际土壤和野生葱属植物根段作为接种体接种三叶草(TrifoliumrepensL.).观察三叶草菌根侵染率,统计其根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种类、并与原始接种土壤比较.结果表明:用不同植物群落的土样作为接种物,三叶草菌根侵染率和根际AMF种类和密度有很大差异,但菌根真菌种类数目较多;用不同种葱属植物根段接种,三叶草菌根的侵染率差别明显,根际土壤孢子的种类数目较少但菌根真菌有很高的相似性.     

解磷细菌对难溶磷肥的解磷效率比较

 磷元素是植物生长必需的大量营养元素之一,土壤中磷素的固定现象严重,有效磷含量降低,影响植物的生长发育。解磷细菌能将基质中难溶性磷转化为可溶性磷,能够提高土壤中有效磷含量。通过玉米盆栽实验,比较不同菌株及其联合作用对土壤中难溶磷肥的释放及对植物生长的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根与解磷细菌联合作用显著地提高了植物地上、地下的生物量,能够高效地释放出沙土中添加的难溶性磷肥,使土壤有效磷含量增加;沙土的pH值被提高到接近中性,使酸性磷酸酶活性升高,促进有机营养物质转化为无机物,更易被植物吸收利用;接种菌根可以显著提高根系的侵染率和菌丝密度,能够扩大根系的吸收面积,改善根际土壤的环境,达到促进植物生长的目的。利用丛枝菌根真菌和解磷细菌进行微生物复垦,对沙化贫瘠土地的生态修复具有重大意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌对氮素的吸收作用和机制

丛枝菌根真菌可以与绝大多数陆生植物共生,它可以吸收铵态氮、硝态氮、一些氨基酸和一些复杂的有机氮素,吸收的氮素在根外菌丝中转化成精氨酸,并以这种形式运输到根内菌丝,在根内菌丝和根细胞界面,精氨酸再进一步转化为NH4^＋后转移到宿主植物体,参与植物氮素代谢,而转移的氮量及对宿主植物氮营养的贡献与宿主植物、真菌以及基质养分和水分条件有关．     

滑桃木的丛枝菌根

 用碱解离-酸性品红染色法对10株盆栽滑桃木的根样进行了调查研究,结果表明,10个根样中均有丛枝菌根真菌侵染,且侵染比率较高,平均侵染率75%以上,达到深度侵染.用湿筛-沉淀法对盆栽植物根际土壤分别进行处理,结果表明,根际土壤中平均每100g土中有孢子270个,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和球囊霉属(Glomus)为优势属,其中,刺状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora spinosa)、细凹无梗囊霉(Acaulospora scrobiculata)和单孢球囊霉(Glomus monosporum)是常见种.     

接种菌根对神东矿区采煤沉陷地的生态修复效应

 丛枝菌根真菌技术对采煤沉陷区进行土地微生物修复是目前研究的热点之一.本文以神东采煤沉陷区种植的紫穗槐接种丛枝菌根真菌为研究对象,经16、25和28个月监测和对接种菌丝密度与土壤有效磷含量的相关性分析,表明接种对植物生长和根际土壤理化性状产生的一定影响.回归分析方法表明,接种菌菌丝密度与有效磷含量随着时间的推移逐渐降低,而对照逐渐呈现正相关性;不同的监测时间相关性不同,如9月的菌丝密度与有效磷含量的相关性优于6月的,这与菌根发育时间密切相关.神东矿区采煤沉陷地紫穗槐试验结果证明,接种菌根真菌能够在宏观上有效地促进紫穗槐生长和发育,在微观上改良植物生长的基质条件.     

网状球囊霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长条件的优化

为了确定AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的最佳水平条件,采用L16(45)多因子正交实验对影响网状球囊霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长的因素进行了优化选择.结果表明:优组合为A4B2C2D3E3,即pH 8,水琼脂质量浓度10 g/L,培养周期10 d,后熟条件20 d,培养温度28℃为最佳组合.同时发现在优组合下孢子不仅萌发得早,萌发率高,菌丝生长也很旺盛.     

Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic, symbiotic associations with the roots of more than 80% of land plants. The fungi are incapable of completing their life cycle in the absence of a host root. Their spores can germinate and grow in the absence of a host, but their hyphal growth is very limited. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern signalling and recognition between AM fungi and their host plants. In one of the first stages of host recognition, the hyphae of AM fungi show extensive branching in the vicinity of host roots before formation of the appressorium, the structure used to penetrate the plant root. Host roots are known to release signalling molecules that trigger hyphal branching, but these branching factors have not been isolated. Here we have isolated a branching factor from the root exudates of Lotus japonicus and used spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis to identify it as a strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol. Strigolactones are a group of sesquiterpene lactones, previously isolated as seed-germination stimulants for the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche. The natural strigolactones 5-deoxy-strigol, sorgolactone and strigol, and a synthetic analogue, GR24, induced extensive hyphal branching in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita at very low concentrations.     

Relationship between the partitioning properties of motoneuron recruitment and the needle feeling propagation

Histological and physiological studies indicated that most skeletal muscles can be divided into a series of relatively independent sub-volumes: "neuromuscular compartments" and the partitioning property of the muscle result in the localization of muscle reflex. In the present experiment we studied the recruitment properties of medial gastracnemius (MG) muscle motoneuron pool of decerebrate cat with two kinds of local mechanical stimulation: local stretch and acupuncture-like stimuli. The results indicate that: (ⅰ) there is an obvious property of localization of recruitment activity, only the MNs which innervate the stimulated compartment were recruited by weaker and shorter stimuli; (ⅱ) recruitment activity spread to those MNs which supply the adjacent and distal compartments during the strength of stimulation or duration of the stimulation was increased; and (ⅲ) the recruitment property of muscle activity elicited by the local mechanical stimulation is thought similar to that of "needle feeling" along the meridian pathway during stimulation of acupuncture point.     

健康与患黑胫病烟株根内AMF多样性和群落结构差异分析

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）在烟草生长生理、抗病抗逆等方面具有积极作用.为探明烟株患黑胫病后对根内AMF多样性和群落结构的影响,分别以烟草K326和云烟87健康、感染黑胫病烟株的根部及根际土壤作为研究对象,应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术探明烟草根部AMF多样性,采用显微形态观察烟草根内AMF侵染水平和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤理化性质和AMF侵染特征的相关性.高通量测序结果表明在烟草根部共检测出1 655个AMF-OTUs,隶属于1纲4目5科6属,其中,Glomus为云烟87健康烟株根内AMF的优势属,其余样品优势属均为Paraglomus.聚类分析表明两个品种健康烟株根内AMF群落相似性较高,患病植株间根内AMF群落比较类似.侵染结果显示,患病烟株AMF侵染状况与土壤孢子密度均低于健康烟株根际土壤. RDA分析结果表明,全钾是影响AMF孢子密度和侵染状况的主要驱动因子,其次为速效磷和全磷;土壤p H值为烟株根内AMF多样性的主要影响因素,且两者呈负相关;此外,土壤中钾含量对烟草根内AMF群落组成的影响最为明显.研究...     

丛枝菌根对神东煤矿区塌陷地的修复作用与生态效应

 利用丛枝菌根真菌进行土地复垦是目前研究的热点技术之一。在神东煤矿区塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌5个月后,系统地研究菌根对向日葵植株的生长发育、对土壤性状的改良以及根际微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明,接种菌根3个月后,向日葵的开花期较对照可提早2周。接种菌根5个月后其侵染率提高,菌丝密度明显增加。接种区植物生长较对照区明显提高,地上部叶片数和干重较对照明显增加。菌根植物的根系发育状况良好,植株干重提高,籽粒产量增加。菌根植物根际土壤磷和钾含量的有效性增加,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应。在采煤塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌,可改善复垦土壤的性状,有利于生态的恢复与稳定,为微生物复垦技术的推广应用奠定了较好的理论基础,具有重要的现实指导意义。     

Pb胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对茶树解毒能力的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对铅(Pb)胁迫下茶树解除Pb毒性能力的影响,分别用醋酸墨水染色法、考马斯亮蓝法、电感耦合等离子体(ICP-MS)、紫外分光光度法等方法研究了接种AMF后茶树根系菌丝的侵染率,土壤中球囊霉素(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)含量,茶树根系、叶片、土壤中及GRSP中Pb含量及叶片的抗氧化酶活性.结果表明,接种AMF后,茶树根系菌丝侵染率为60.13%,茶树的生物量、百芽重和显著增加,并极显著地提高土壤中总GRSP含量,由于GRSP对Pb的大量螯合作用,使得土壤中Pb的生物有效性大大降低,加之茶树根系、叶片中对Pb的总吸收量减少,且根系Pb含量增加,因此,叶片中Pb含量显著下降,抗氧化酶活性也相应地下降.     

三种水份条件下湿生植物Lythrum salicaria L.的菌根状况及其对植物生长的影响

陆生植物的菌根已被广泛研究,对湿生植物菌根的研究却很少.本研究的目的是检测在水淹、潮湿和干旱条件下水生植物L.salicaria的菌根合成状况及其对植物生长的影响.在三种水份条件下,L.salicaria与来源于不同地点(干旱和水淹)的两种接种物(F2和F1)均可形成菌根,水份条件和接种物种类都显著地影响菌根的合成水平(P《0.05).F1和F2接种物与植物合成菌根的水平均在水淹处理中最低. F1接种物与L.salicaria合成菌根的水平在潮湿和干旱处理中显著地高于水淹处理(P《0.05),并且趋势是:潮湿》干旱》水淹处理.F2接种物与L.salicaria合成菌根的水平在三种水份处理中没有显著区别,但仍然可观察到一个趋势:干旱》潮湿》水淹处理.在水淹和干旱处理中,菌根对植物地上部分的生长和根的生物量积累没有影响.在潮湿处理中被F1接种的植株与被F2接种的植株与对照植株相比,地上部分干重、根鲜重显著地低;地上部分鲜/干重比、地上部分/根鲜重比显著地高.水份条件显著地影响植物的生长行为.     

A phosphate transporter expressed in arbuscule-containing cells in potato.

Arbuscular mycorrhizas are the most common non-pathogenic symbioses in the roots of plants. It is generally assumed that this symbiosis facilitated the colonization of land by plants. In arbuscular mycorrhizas, fungal hyphae often extend between the root cells and tuft-like branched structures (arbuscules) form within the cell lumina that act as the functional interface for nutrient exchange. In the mutualistic arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbiosis the host plant derives mainly phosphorus from the fungus, which in turn benefits from plant-based glucose. The molecular basis of the establishment and functioning of the arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbiosis is largely not understood. Here we identify the phosphate transporter gene StPT3 in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Functionality of the encoded protein was confirmed by yeast complementation. RNA localization and reporter gene expression indicated expression of StPT3 in root sectors where mycorrhizal structures are formed. A sequence motif in the StPT3 promoter is similar to transposon-like elements, suggesting that the mutualistic symbiosis evolved by genetic rearrangements in the StPT3 promoter.     

根圈微量元素肥料的移动：不同作物种与品种的差异

本文采用新研制开发的叫 Rhizobox 装置,研究了大豆、大麦不同品种根圈微量元素的分布,定量的范围.从土壤—植物营养化学角度,企图通过一系列植物基因型的根系特性和根圈养分变化,追踪国际研究趋向.     

“Chi-Fang-Qi”: Is it the aureole of an ancient supernova?

An annotation for the statement about JingXing (Great Star) in the most famous Chinese ancient historical book Ski Ji Historical Records authored by Sima Qian reads as follows: “There was a red aureole (“Chi-Fang-Qi”) which connected with a deep-color aureole (“Qing-Fang-Qi”). Two yellaw stars were in the red aureole,one yellow star was in the deep-color aureole”. The author of the annotation was Meng Kang, an officer as well as a scholar of the Wei State in the Three Kingdoms period. The same records are to be found in two other Chinese histurical books compiled by the authors of later ages in Tang Dynasty——Jin History and Sui History. The scene illustrated by the record of “Chi-Fang-Qi” is very similar to the pictures of SN1987A taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Let it be noted that although the ancient authors were often with serious wrong understandings of some astronomical phenomena such as supernovae, their depictions about natural phenomena they witnessed were mostly objective, and it was unlikely that they fictionally made the record of “Chi-Fang-Qi”. We infer that the ancient observers might have ever watched a very bright supernnva with an aureole structure in its remnant and then left such a record. Meng Kang perhaps was the first to give the record about“Chi-Fang-Qi”, and he might have lived in the period from about AD 180 to AD250, very near to AD 185. so, here the supernova the ancient people watched was most likely the one in the year of AD 185. This supposition is consistent with the distance parameter of the most possible remnant of SN185 derived by some modern measurements. If the correlation between the record of “Chi-Fang-Qi” and the supernova remnant can he further proven true, it would be an important verification of the modern theory about stellar evolution.