重金属镉对8个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(系)萌发和出芽生长的影响

为了探明不同水稻品种间抗镉能力差异及不同镉胁迫水平对水稻种子萌发和出芽生长的影响,对轻、中、重度镉胁迫下8个水稻品种(系)萌发和出芽生长间的相关性状指标进行收集,并通过聚类分析法进行分析评价.结果表明:不同水稻品种抗镉能力存在较大差异.轻度镉胁迫对水稻萌发的影响,更多的体现为对水稻种子活力的单抑制效应,该水平下的综合性状表现更符合相关性拟合曲线,适合用于抗镉品种的筛选.水稻出芽期间受镉胁迫影响最大的是转绿时间和根系生长.三个杂交水稻主要亲本(保持系岗46B、Ⅱ-32B和恢复系成恢3203)都属于高抗型,三个常规籼稻品种(桂朝2号、桂育7号及五山丝苗)都属于敏感型.     

四种水稻的光合效率研究

为了研究不同水稻在抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期光合效能的差异,利用GFS-3000便携式光合-荧光测定系统测量处于不同生长时期的四种水稻材料在不同光强梯度以及不同二氧化碳浓度梯度下的光合指标,并分别利用直角双曲线修正模型和Michaelis-Menten模型拟合水稻的光响应曲线和二氧化碳响应曲线,依据曲线拟合的相关数据对不同品种水稻在各时期的光合效能进行比较分析,结果表明:不同水稻在生长后期尤其蜡熟期光合效能下降的幅度具有明显差异.早衰型品种金23B、Y58s的光合能力随时期变化下降明显快于持绿性水稻品种R287和HD9802s.     

一个水稻晚抽穗基因的遗传分析与初步定位

抽穗期是与水稻产量相关的重要农艺性状之一,克隆调控水稻抽穗期的相关基因,对于水稻育种改良至关重要.通过将一个地方籼稻品种巴香占与粳稻品种中花11杂交,对这2个品种及其F_1代植株、F_2代群体的抽穗时间进行统计和遗传分析,并利用图位克隆技术对目的基因进行初步定位.结果表明:巴香占抽穗时间平均为(78.5±1.4) d,比中花11晚抽穗约14 d;巴香占晚抽穗表型受单个显性核基因控制,该目的基因被初步定位在3号染色体RM14359标记与短臂末端之间,物理距离为2.8 Mb.该研究定位了一个水稻抽穗期调控基因,为后续该基因的克隆及功能分析奠定了工作基础.     

不同基因型杂交水稻根系分布特征及其对水稻耐旱能力的影响

干旱是限制水稻产量的主要因素之一.以46个杂交水稻品种为材料,采用人工旱棚和盆栽试验,通过研究不同水稻品种在干旱条件下的根系分布、相关酶活性及DRO1基因测序,分析了不同品种水稻根系分布特征及其对水稻苗期抗旱能力的影响.结果表明:(1)依据综合耐旱指数值,可以将46个杂交水稻品种分为三类:耐旱性品种(综合耐旱指数≥0.75)、半耐旱性品种(综合耐旱指数≥0.65)和干旱敏感性品种(综合耐旱指数≤0.65).(2)耐旱品种川谷优208和德优4727在30～50 cm土层的根长、根数和根重显著增加,在干旱胁迫期间根系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高.(3)DRO1基因测序表明,耐旱性、干旱敏感性品种在第3外显子区均表现出单核苷酸多态性;同时相关性分析表明,DRO1基因不仅与根系分布有较高的相关性,而且与SOD和POD活性也有较高的相关性.深根系作为耐旱水稻品种的重要特性,对水稻抗旱能力起着至关重要的作用.根系数量、根系重量、根系POD和SOD活性以及DRO1基因性状等可作为季节性干旱地区耐旱水稻品种筛选的重要指标.     

有机肥对水稻锦优8号农艺性状及产质量的影响

为探究有机肥对水稻产质量的影响,以水稻品种锦优8号为试验材料,设置4个不同施肥处理,分别为T1:春果肥(有机肥)施160 kg/667 m2;T2:厌氧堆肥(有机肥)施200 kg/667 m2;T3:化肥施用量为(复合肥60 kg+尿素25 kg)/667 m2;T4:不施用任何肥料,作为对照.结果表明:(1)3种不...     

高配合力水稻新恢复系R360选育及应用

R360是我所用绵恢725,经辐射处理后,从其变异后代中选育而成的一个长大穗型水稻新恢复系,具有恢复谱广、恢复力强、配合力高、抗病性较好和综合性状优良等特点,并通过省级技术鉴定。所配中熟杂交稻新组合金优360通过陕西省农作物品种审定。     

不同早籼稻品种幼苗期的耐冷生理鉴定

为了解4个早籼稻品种幼苗期耐冷性的生理特点,在人工气候箱内经26℃(对照)、12℃、10℃和6℃处理4 d后,测定分析水稻幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及电解质渗漏率6个生理指标的变化及其与抗冷性的关系.结果表明,在相同低温胁迫条件下,株两优120和金优L2两个早籼稻品种幼苗期POD活性、CAT活性、AsA含量及可溶性蛋白质含量均高于准两优143和湘早籼45号,而MDA含量及电解质渗漏率均低于准两优143和湘早籼45号.上述结果说明两系法杂交稻株两优120的耐冷性最强,三系杂交水稻金优L2次之,两系法杂交稻准两优143和常规水稻湘早籼45号耐冷性稍差.     

渝西地区再生稻高产品种筛选及株型特征分析

结合重庆渝西地区再生稻高产品种筛选对13个杂交水稻品种成熟期株型性状进行了调查分析,希望为该地区再生稻品种选择和选育提供依据.结果表明,深两优5814,川香优178两季综合产量分别达到14 513.25kg/hm~2和14 283.75kg/hm~2,较对照增产19.76%和17.87%,再生力强、产量高、品质优,适宜在该地区推广应用.成熟期株型分析结果显示,13个杂交水稻品种株高为101.50~126.00cm,剑叶长和宽分别为23.43~40.61cm和1.72~2.16cm,剑叶叶基角为12.00°~23.75°.成熟期上三叶直立,特别是剑叶挺直有利于改善群体结构和再生芽萌发成穗.     

应用DTOPSIS法综合评价西昌市粳稻新品种（系）

以2008年西昌市新培育和引进的水稻新品种（系）为材料,应用DTOPSIS分析法,对其16个性状进行综合评价。结果表明：在供试的8个品种（系）中,与理想品种性状的相对接近度依次为：西粳2号〉西粳1号〉西粳3号〉合系22-2（CK）〉BM-2〉B168〉BM-3〉B169〉BM-1。西粳1号、西粳2号和西粳3号综合表现优于对照,说明运用DTOPSIS法对水稻品种进行评判可以达到优中选优的效果。     

重金属镉对8个水稻（Oriza sativa L.）品种（系）种子萌发的影响

为了探明不同品种水稻间抗镉能力差异及不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻种子萌发的影响,[方法]采用水培方法,对8个水稻品种轻,中,重度镉胁迫下种子萌发时期的相关性状指标进行收集,并通过聚类分析法对8个水稻品种的抗镉胁迫能力进行分析评价。[结果]表明：不同品种水稻其表型及生理机制各异,抗镉能力存在较大差异。轻度重金属镉胁迫对水稻种子萌发的影响,更多的体现为对水稻种子活力的单抑制效应。随着胁迫浓度的增大,水稻种子萌发受影响越大。中重度胁迫水稻的种子萌发敏感型品种生长表现为根芽尖脆弱易断,芽色不能及时转绿等现象。轻度重金属胁迫下的指标其综合性状表现更符合相关性拟合曲线。故选择轻度重金属胁迫下水稻的相对性状表现筛选重金属抗性品种,与实际环境情况最为相符合。聚类分析结果显示,三个杂交水稻主要亲本保持系亲本岗46B,保持系亲本Ⅱ-32B,和恢复系亲本成恢3203都属于高抗型。三个常规籼稻桂朝2号,桂育7号及五山丝苗都属于敏感型。本实验结果为培育重金属抗性品种提供了有价值的线索和材料。     

Genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The genetic basis of heterosis was studied through mid-parent, standard variety and better parent for 11 quantitative traits in 17 parental lines and their 10 selected hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The characters were plant height, days to flag leaf initiation, days to first panicle initiation, days to 100% flowering, panicle length, flag leaf length, days to maturity, number of fertile spikelet/panicle, number of effective tillers/hill, grain yield/10-hill, and 1000-grain weight. In general the hybrids performed significantly better than the respective parents. Significant heterosis was observed for most of the studied characters. Among the 10 hybrids, four hybrids viz., 17Ax45R, 25Ax37R, 27Ax39R, 31Ax47R, and 35Ax47R showed highest heterosis in 10-hill grain yield/10-hill. Inbreeding depression of F2 progeny was also studied for 11 characters of 10 hybrids. Both positive and negative inbreeding depression were found in many crosses for the studied characters, but none was found significant. Selection of good parents was found to be the most important for developing high yielding hybrid rice varieties.     

温光对水稻抽穗后剑叶衰老和籽粒灌浆的影响

对不同温光组合下水稻衰老和籽粒灌浆过程进行研究．结果表明，在水稻灌浆期间高温促使水稻剑叶的衰老加快；同时籽粒灌浆加速，有效灌浆期缩短，籽粒充实度降低．实验还表明，同一穗中弱势粒受到的温光影响比强势粒要显著．遮荫能减缓过氧化物酶(POD)活性的下降速度，延缓叶的衰老，但遮荫同时会造成光合作用减弱，籽粒充实度不够．籽粒灌浆速度主要受温度调控，但前提条件是需有充足的光照。     

优质稻穗部性状与农艺性状的相关性研究

对新育成的桂花香品系及目前广东优质稻生产中3个当家品种的主要穗部性状与农艺性状进行相关分析。研究表明，优质稻单株有效穗数与每穗实粒数呈极显著正相关。单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、实粒数与冠层3片功能叶的叶宽、灌浆期叶面积指数（LAI）等显著或极显著的负相关；株高与千粒重呈极显著的正相关、与每穗实粒数和单株有效穗数呈负相关。试验结果说明，在一定株高范围内，适当增加冠层3片功能叶的叶宽、减小这3片功能叶的张角，同时增加叶面积指数、茎秆直径是优质稻株型改良的一个重点。     

重穗型杂交稻的产量及一些生理生化特性研究

以18个不同穗重型籼稻品种为材料，研究了重穗型杂交稻的产量及一些主要的生理生化特性。结果表明，重穗型杂交稻具有更高产量潜力，其高产主要依赖于大“库”、籽粒的正常充实使单穗重大幅度提高。后期LAI的适当降低、高效叶面积率的增加、根、叶不早衰和净光合速率的提高是其“源”足的主要因素。齐穗后重穗型杂交稻剑叶的净光合速率明显高于中、轻穗型品种的机理是剑叶Rubisco活性的提高及叶绿素含量的增加；具有在高、低光强、高温和低CO2浓度下对C02有较强的同化能力的优势，光合“午休”现象较轻，能保持较高的净光合速率，显示其对环境有较强的适应性；气孔性状优良、气孔开度积（单位面积上的气孔密度乘以其气孔开度）大也是重穗型杂交稻净光合速率高的重要气孔因素。重穗型杂交稻抽穗后物质积累优势明显，且茎鞘物质向穗部的转运量、转运率和转化率也均远高于中、轻穗型品种。     

POD活性与水稻抗旱性的关系

以５种抗旱性不同的水、旱稻品种在水分胁迫条件下全生长期的叶为实验材料，采用愈创木酚法测定ＰＯＤ活性，探讨不同水稻品种生长期对水分胁迫的反应及其与抗旱性的关系．结果表明，受到水分胁迫的水、旱稻ＰＯＤ活性均高于对照；孕穗期和抽穗期是水分敏感期，在此期间，ＰＯＤ活性上升的幅度高于其它生长期；拔节期和成熟期是水早稻全生长期中ＰＯＤ活性较低的时期．可以认为，在水分胁迫时，ＰＯＤ活性变化与在大田种植的水、旱稻抗旱性有一定的相关性．通过测定水分胁迫条件下敏感期ＰＯＤ活性变化幅度，可作为某一品种抗旱能力的生物化学指标．     

滞绿突变体的研究现状及应用前景

许多物种的滞绿突变体具有相似的表型特征,即衰老被延缓,叶绿素不降解或降解缓慢.但由于遗传背景不同,它们滞绿的分子机理相差很大.文中综述了滞绿突变体在生理生化(叶绿素的酶代谢途径)、遗传特征及分子生物学上的研究进展,介绍了滞绿突变体在植物叶绿素代谢、叶片衰老机制以及光合作用等生理过程基础研究中的重要性,并全面介绍了在农业生产的各个方面的应用前景及潜力,其中以能显著提高农作物抗逆性及产量的类型A和B的功能型滞绿突变最为重要,同时对滞绿的分子机理的研究使从根本上解决农作物早衰的问题成为可能.     

Molecular dissection of genetic basis of significant correlation among five morphological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To enhance understanding of the genetic basis of trait correlation in rice, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F₆ and F₇) from a cross between Zhenshan97 and HR5 was employed to identify main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and epistatic QTL (E-QTL). Highly significant positive correlations were detected among five traits of heading date (HD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), flag leaf length (FLL) and flag leaf width (FLW) in 2 environments. Four to 8 main QTLs were detected for an individual trait. No E-QTL was detected for PH. One, 4, 4 and 5 E-QTLs were detected for FLL, HD, FLW and PL, respectively. Each E-QTL individually explained less than 3% of trait variation except E-QFll1. Comparison of QTL results was made in order to dissect the genetic basis of trait correlation. We found that main QTLs with pleiotropic effects and QTL clusters were the main genetic basis of trait correlation. No E-QTL had pleiotropic effects. E-QTL played an important role in the genetic basis of individual trait, but it made a little contribution to trait correlation.     

Characterization of high-yield performance as affected by genotype and environment in rice

We characterized yield-relevant characters and their variations over genotypes and environments （locations and years） by examining two rice varieties （9746 and Jinfeng） with high yield potential. 9746 and Jinfeng were planted in two locations of Shanghai, China, during 2005 and 2006. The results show that there was a large variation in grain yield between locations and years. The realization of high yield potential for the two types of rice was closely related to the improved sink size, such as more panicles per square meter or grains per panicle. Stem and leaf biomasses were mainly accumulated from tillering stage to heading stage, and showed slow decline during grain filling. Meanwhile, some photosynthetic characters including net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, leaf area index （LAI）, specific leaf area （SLA）, fluorescence parameter （maximum quantum yield ofPSll, Fv/Fm）, chlorophyll content （expressed as SPAD value）, as well as nutrient （N, P, K） uptake were also measured to determine their variations over genotypes and environments and their relationships with grain yield. Although there were significant differences between years or locations for most measurements, SLA at tillering and heading stages, Fv/Fm and LAI at heading stage, stem biomass at heading and maturity stages, and leaf nitrogen concentration at tillering and heading stages remained little changed, indicating their pos- sible applications as selectable characters in breeding programs. It was also found that stem nitrogen accumulation at tillering stage is one of the most important and stable traits for high yield formation.     

Study on heterosis of intersubspecies between indica and japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） using chromosome segment substitution lines

Great heterosis exists in the inter-subspecific crossesbetween indica and japonica rice cultivars[1,2] and the ex-ploitation of this heterosis has long been considered as apromising method to further increase rice yield potential[3].Previous studies indicated that there were large differencesbetween the two subspecies with respect to morphology,isozyme, polymorphism of molecular markers and DNAstructure due to long time genetic differentiation[4,5]. Thosedifferences were identified to be clos…     

Structural and biochemical mechanism responsible for the stay-green phenotype in common wheat

In order to increase the supply of assimilated carbon to grain, a new stay-green wheat cultivar, Chuannong17 (CN17), with delayed leaf senescence, carrying wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translo- cated chromosome was developed. CN17 exhibited distinct differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (Chl) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activity of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) during the grain filling stage, and flag leaf senescence compared with the control. The new cultivar maintained longer and higher photosyn- thetic competence compared with the control, and this aspect correlated with the difference in chloro-plast development. Moreover, the stay-green pheno-type of CN17 was also observed under natural growth conditions. Consequently, the coordination of the physiological, biochemical, and structural aspects in the stay-green cultivar produced higher seed weights and per-plant yield compared with the control cultivar.