热管生物质气化炉的模拟与试验

为了提高生物质燃气热值,开发一种新型热管生物质气化炉.结合质量平衡、能量平衡和化学反应动力学,建立热管生物质气化炉的动力学机理模型,最后通过试验进行验证.试验结果、模拟结果和其他类型气化炉相关数据对比分析表明:动力学机理模型与试验结果能较好地吻合;与用空气直接供热气化的气化炉气体组分和热值比较,用热管生物质气化炉得到的气体组分中氢气体积分数较高,约是用空气直接供热气化的10倍,热值是用空气直接供热气化的2～3倍.     

响应面法优化玉米芯气化性能的研究

以自行研制的户用型上吸式气化炉和玉米芯为研究对象,使用气相色谱TCD检测器检测,运用响应曲面法对玉米芯气化条件(气化剂的流量、燃料的颗粒粒径和燃料的堆积高度)进行综合模拟分析与实验验证.结果表明:当空气进气量为1.6m3/h、物料粒径为1.5cm、物料堆积高度为70cm时,玉米芯产气中CO的含量最高,能达到32.38%左右,与模型的预期值32.23%比较接近,这为以后生物质的气化提供较好参考标准.     

杏仁壳在流化床中的气化过程及产气特性的实验研究

在流化床气化炉内,以空气为气化剂,对美国杏仁壳在680℃、700℃、730℃和780℃的温度下进行了气化实验,生成的燃气成分为:CO含量在15.4%~l8.7%之间,H2含量一般高于10%,甲烷含量为1.7%~2.5%,CnHm的含量为0.6%左右。燃气热值多数在4 152.7 kJ/m3~4 839.5 kJ/m3。气化效率51%。实验表明,在气化温度为700℃的时候可以得到最大的燃气热值。     

玉米秸秆颗粒燃料热解气化试验研究

以玉米秸秆颗粒燃料为原料,研究了生物质空气热解气化(下吸式固定床气化炉)、富氧热解气化(鼓泡式流化床气化炉)和无氧热解气化(慢速连续热解气化炉)的热解气化特性.三种热解气化装置并联,共用一个控制系统,产生的生物质燃气经过冷凝器等后进入储气柜.燃气成分由气相色谱分析,成型颗粒、颗粒炭、生物油热值采用快速量热仪测量分析.结果显示,空气热解气化在热解温度为660~670℃时燃气低热值最高,约为3.91~4.44MJ/Nm3;富氧热解气化燃气低热值最高可达8.48~9.38MJ/Nm3(热解气化温度为575~750℃时);无氧热解气化在热解温度为380~530℃时的燃气低热值约为14.51~16.49MJ/Nm3,并可联产生物炭、生物油等.     

生物质微米燃料空气气化实验研究

研究了生物质微米燃料(BMF)在旋风气化炉中的空气气化特性.在没有外热源的工况下,整个气化过程所需的热能由部分微米燃料的不完全燃烧供应.研究空气当量比(ER)、微米燃料粒径对气化特性的影响.当ER=0.32时,H2的含量和气化效率最高,分别为6.32％和38.22％;当ER=0.28时,可燃气的含量最大,达到27.1％.随着BMF粒径减小,气化室温度、可燃气含量、H2的含量、碳转化率、气化效率和燃气热值都显著提高,分别可达953℃、29.7％、8.26％、60.07％、40.56％和4246kJ/m3.     

基于ASPEN PLUS平台的生物质气化模拟

基于ASPEN PLUS软件的Gibbs自由能最小化法,并利用RGIBBS反应器的限制平衡法修正,建立了生物质气化模型.模拟花生壳气化和木粉气化,发现模拟值和实验值符合良好.对气化两个重要影响因素(空气当量系数和床温)作了灵敏度分析,发现产气组分主要受床温影响,燃气热值和气化效率主要受空气当量系数影响.模拟分析了气化剂温度对产气组分和气化效率的影响,结果表明:基于ASPEN PLUS平台的生物质气化模型能准确地模拟实际气化过程,具有较好的可靠性和适用性.     

热管式生物质气化炉反应过程的理论分析

将高温热管技术应用于生物质气化过程,发明了一种新型气化装置--热管式生物质固定床气化炉HPBGF(Heat Pipe Biomass Gasification Furnace),以实现无空气生物质高温热解气化工艺.用化学计量关系研究以水蒸气为气化剂的生物质(秸秆)气化反应机理,根据气化产物推导出气化过程中理论上的总反应方程式.通过C-H-O物系平衡分析,确定温度在气化过程的重要性,得出高温热管的引入对气化产物组成的影响,为进一步研究奠定基础.     

生物质成型燃料热解气化在锅炉中的应用研究

研究了供热锅炉专用的生物质成型燃料3室热解气化炉运行和输出功率特性.3室气化炉底部进气炉排设置有左、中、右3个不同方向的气流通道,气化剂经过炉排喷向燃料时形成3向进风,对燃料形成扰动避免堆积.以空气-水蒸气(体积比7:3)为气化剂,热解可燃气中的氢气含量较空气气化方式得到了提升,对试验用6 t供热锅炉系统采用SNCR进行NO_x脱除,喷入质量分数为15%的尿素溶液,NO_x脱除效率达85%,排放烟气中NO_x含量114 mg·m^-3,满足排放要求.     

城市生活垃圾原料性质对干馏及气化过程的影响

将城市生活垃圾样品经预处理后置于φ40×750不锈钢间歇式固定床气化炉内进行气化反应,考察不同原料组分对垃圾干馏与气化过程的影响。认为城市生活垃圾的有机物部分作为制气原料,气化活性较高(1000℃时CO_2转化率达92％)。气化强度大,燃气组分与煤制气组分基本接近。试验结果得干馏阶段燃气热值一般在9.62～10.04 MJ/m~3(2300～4000 Kcal/m~3),气化阶段燃气热值在3.35～4.18 MJ/m~3(800～1000 kcal/m~3),垃圾有机物中灰分、固定碳和挥发分对干馏和气化过程均有影响。考察干馏和气化的综合效果,当反应温度为900℃,混合气为气化剂时,燃气热值可达4.60～5.65 MJ/m~3(1100～1350 kcal/m~3),但气体产率不大于1.5 m~3/kg。     

压力对湍动循环流化床煤气化的影响分析

在实验室规模的湍动循环流化床试验装置上,以高温预热空气和水蒸气为气化剂进行了加压煤气化特性试验,考察了湍动循环流化床气化的可行性及其操作参数,并研究了气化炉压力对煤气化行为的影响.研究结果表明:压力能改善气化炉床内流化质量,提高了碳转化率,从而影响煤气热值.气化压力由常压提高到0.3M Pa时,煤气热值提高15%,碳转化率由57.52%增加到76.76%,干煤气产率和冷煤气效率也随压力增大而小幅增大.对于特定的循环流化床气化工艺,气化压力存在最佳气化效果区域,在本实验条件下,0.3~0.4M Pa时气化效果最佳.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~