DNA甲基化在肿瘤形成中的作用（综述）

DNA甲基化改变是肿瘤细胞中常见的现象,DNA甲基化与肿瘤的发生有密切关系。从以下几方面对此做一综述。（1）简介哺乳动物细胞的DNA甲基化;（2）DNA甲基化与肿瘤基因突变;（3）肿瘤DNA甲基化的基因外作用,其中包括：原癌基因的低甲基化和抑癌基因的高甲基化。     

Influence of DNA methylation on transgene expression

DNA methylation plays an important role in gene expression in eukaryote. But DNA methylation of transgene usually leads to target gene silencing in plant genetic engineering. In this research, reporter gene b-glu- curonidase (GUS) gene ( uidA ) was introduced into tobaccos via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method, and the foreign uidA gene became inactive in some transgenic tobaccos. No mRNA of uidA was detected in these plants by Northern blotting analysis, and DNA methylation of promoter region was found. The results indicated that gene silencing might be caused by DNA methylation of promoter.     

DNA sequence for a low-level promoter of the lac repressor gene and an 'up' promoter mutation.

The promoter for a weakly expressed constitutive gene, the lactose repressor gene (lacI), has been sequenced, along with an 'up' promoter mutation Iq. The 10-fold enhancement in I expression found in Iq is the result of a single base change at position -35. To facilitate the sequencing, the lacI gene was cloned in a small plasmid.     

Aberrant DNA methylation in cloned ovine embryos

By using the approach of immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine （5MeC）, the present study detected the DNA methylation patterns of cloned ovine embryos. The embryos derived from in vitro fertilization were also examined for reference purpose. The results showed that： （1） during the preimplantation development, cloned embryos displayed a similar demethylation profile to the fertilized embryos; that is, the methylation level decreased to the lowest at 8-cell stage, and then increased again at morulae stage. However, methylation level was obviously higher in cloned embryos than in stage-matched fertilized embryos, especially at 8-cell stage and afterwards; （2） at blastocyst stage, the methylation pattern in cloned embryos was different from that in fertilized embryos. In cloned blastocyst, inner cell mass （ICM） exhibited a comparable level to trophectoderm cells （TE）, while in in-vitro fertilized blastocyst the methylation level of ICM was lower than that of TE, which is not consistent with that reported by other authors. These results indicate that DNA methylation is abnormally reprogrammed in cloned embryos, implying that aberrant DNA methylation reprogramming may be one of the factors causing cloned embryos developmental failure.     

CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation

It is likely that most vertebrate genes are associated with 'HTF islands'--DNA sequences in which CpG is abundant and non-methylated. Highly tissue-specific genes, though, usually lack islands. The contrast between islands and the remainder of the genome may identify sequences that are to be constantly available in the nucleus. DNA methylation appears to be involved in this function, rather than with activation of tissue specific genes.     

基于低氧-免疫DNA甲基化标记在肺腺癌预后中的开发

为了探究缺氧和免疫联合分析DNA甲基化位点在肺癌预后中的作用,提高肺癌免疫治疗的有效性,本研究基于甲基化和转录组二维数据,构建了一个用于预后评估的风险评分模型．从TCGA数据库中下载了247个与缺氧、免疫状态相关的去冗余肺癌样本作为训练集．然后对低缺氧-强免疫状态的样本、高缺氧-弱免疫状态的样本进行了差异基因表达、甲基化位点和临床生存率分析．生存曲线分析显示,低缺氧状态-强免疫状态组中的肺腺癌患者的1、3、5年生存率均优于高缺氧状态-弱免疫状态组（log-rank检验,P<0.05、P<0.001、P<0.001）．使用LASSO回归构建的多基因预后模型包含9个甲基化位点,在肺腺癌测试数据集和验证数据集中均显示出良好的预后预测能力（AUC=0.83,0.80,0.82）．这9个甲基化位点分别分布在PEBP4、FLI1、HLA-DMB、MYO1F、ABCC2、AKNA、ETS1、CCR7和TXNRD1基因上．此外,我们从5年生存曲线中发现,在低缺氧-强免疫状态组中高表达的PEBP4、CCR7、FLI1、AKNA、HLA-DMB、MYO1F和低表达的ABCC2基因也可作为...     

图的循环定向

Barot,Geiss和Zelevingsky曾经给出了一个图是否可定向的判断方法.该方法对图中所有圈上的边依次排序编号,然后考察不同的圈是否有不同的极大边,或者是计算顶点、边、圈和连通分支间的数量关系.本文给出另外一种判定方法.该方法主要通过观察顶点之间的链进行.     

图的循环定向

M.Barot,C.Geiss和A.Zelevinsky曾经给出了一个图是否可定向的判断 方法.该方法对图中所有圈上的边依次排序编号，然后考察不同的圈是否有不同 的极大边，或者是计算顶点、边、圈和连通分支间的数量关系.本文给出另外一 种判定方法，我们的方法主要是通过观察顶点之间的链进行.     

DNA甲基化异常与人类肿瘤

DNA甲基化是表遗传学上研究最深入的一种机制,是一种酶介导的化学修饰过程,在DNA的某些碱基上增加一个甲基.在人类的肿瘤中都可以发现不同程度的DNA异常甲基化现象.介绍DNA甲基化在基因表达中的作用及其抑制基因转录、表达的机理,尤其发生在抑癌基因CpG岛和其他相关基因的甲基化异常与肿瘤发生、演进的关系,甲基化的检测方法以及去甲基化在肿瘤治疗方面的应用前景.     

Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in cultured mouse embryos

Mouse early embryos undergo genome-wide demethylation and remethylation events during pre-implantation development. Abnormal methylation reprogramming is thought to be associated with development arrest. Using immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine (MeC), we examined the genome methylation patterns of mouse embryos cultured in vitro. The results did not show the difference in staining patterns between development-blocked two-cell embryos that cultured in vitro and the two-cell embryos that were freshly collected from the donor mice. But in vitro-arrested morulae displayed a strong positive staining when compared to the morulae freshly collected from the donor mice. At the blastocyst stage, although most embryos showed the expected methylation patterns, with highly stained inner cell mass (ICM) and weekly stained trophectoderm (TE), a proportion of embryos were dimly stained in both ICM and TE. These results indicated that the methylation profile of the embryos could be changed by culturing in vitro when the embryos were in the transition from morulae to blastocyst.     

Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells

DNA methylation is essential for normal development and has been implicated in many pathologies including cancer. Our knowledge about the genome-wide distribution of DNA methylation, how it changes during cellular differentiation and how it relates to histone methylation and other chromatin modifications in mammals remains limited. Here we report the generation and analysis of genome-scale DNA methylation profiles at nucleotide resolution in mammalian cells. Using high-throughput reduced representation bisulphite sequencing and single-molecule-based sequencing, we generated DNA methylation maps covering most CpG islands, and a representative sampling of conserved non-coding elements, transposons and other genomic features, for mouse embryonic stem cells, embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary neural cells, and eight other primary tissues. Several key findings emerge from the data. First, DNA methylation patterns are better correlated with histone methylation patterns than with the underlying genome sequence context. Second, methylation of CpGs are dynamic epigenetic marks that undergo extensive changes during cellular differentiation, particularly in regulatory regions outside of core promoters. Third, analysis of embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary cells reveals that 'weak' CpG islands associated with a specific set of developmentally regulated genes undergo aberrant hypermethylation during extended proliferation in vitro, in a pattern reminiscent of that reported in some primary tumours. More generally, the results establish reduced representation bisulphite sequencing as a powerful technology for epigenetic profiling of cell populations relevant to developmental biology, cancer and regenerative medicine.     

穿俊质粒pGFP—1与CMV启动子重组体的构建

构建并筛选出能在哺乳细胞表达的重组质粒。方法：以含ＧＦＰｃＤＮＡ报告者基因的穿梭质粒ｐＧＦＰ－１ｏ ｆａ ｗｓｇ ，ｔｆｑｐｅｔ ｗ ａｎｄ ｘｌｅｑｕｇｇｘｙｎｋ ｆｃｌ ｂｂ ，ｅｓ ｅｔ ａｄｌｄｔｇｊ ｘｅｇ ｒｆｓｙｓｑ ｖｆｈｐｔｇｊ ｘｅｇ ｒｆｍ ｏｕｇ     

Structure of Dnmt3a bound to Dnmt3L suggests a model for de novo DNA methylation

Genetic imprinting, found in flowering plants and placental mammals, uses DNA methylation to yield gene expression that is dependent on the parent of origin. DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) and its regulatory factor, DNA methyltransferase 3-like protein (Dnmt3L), are both required for the de novo DNA methylation of imprinted genes in mammalian germ cells. Dnmt3L interacts specifically with unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 through its amino-terminal PHD (plant homeodomain)-like domain. Here we show, with the use of crystallography, that the carboxy-terminal domain of human Dnmt3L interacts with the catalytic domain of Dnmt3a, demonstrating that Dnmt3L has dual functions of binding the unmethylated histone tail and activating DNA methyltransferase. The complexed C-terminal domains of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3L showed further dimerization through Dnmt3a-Dnmt3a interaction, forming a tetrameric complex with two active sites. Substitution of key non-catalytic residues at the Dnmt3a-Dnmt3L interface or the Dnmt3a-Dnmt3a interface eliminated enzymatic activity. Molecular modelling of a DNA-Dnmt3a dimer indicated that the two active sites are separated by about one DNA helical turn. The C-terminal domain of Dnmt3a oligomerizes on DNA to form a nucleoprotein filament. A periodicity in the activity of Dnmt3a on long DNA revealed a correlation of methylated CpG sites at distances of eight to ten base pairs, indicating that oligomerization leads Dnmt3a to methylate DNA in a periodic pattern. A similar periodicity is observed for the frequency of CpG sites in the differentially methylated regions of 12 maternally imprinted mouse genes. These results suggest a basis for the recognition and methylation of differentially methylated regions in imprinted genes, involving the detection of both nucleosome modification and CpG spacing.