从POPs公约谈公众环保教育的迫切性

POPs是持久性有机污染物质(Persistent Organic Pollutants)的简称。它是指人类合成的、能持久存在于环境中、通过生物食物链(网)累积、并对人类健康及环境造成有害影响的化学物质。这些物质在环境中不易降解,存留时间较长,可以通过大气、水的输送而影响到区域和全球环境,并可通过食物链富集,最终严重影响人类健康。     

浅谈持久性有机污染的环境研究

正持久性有机污染物(POPs)是指由人类活动产生的,在环境中难于降解并长期存在的、具有生物毒性和富集性的、可通过大气等环境介质长距离迁移的一类有机污染物的总称。POPs具有致癌、致畸、致突变等毒性,同时由于其具有强亲脂性,易于在生物体内富集,并随食物链积累、放大,最终会对人体产生不利的影响。POPs污染的严重性和复杂性远超常规污染物,因此一直是环境科学研究的热点领域,特别是对其在环境中归趋(或称环境命运)的研究,成为解决POPs污染的关键所在。     

2012-22 科技新闻媒体关注指数排行榜

 持久性有机污染物POPs是由人类活动产生,在环境中难以降解并长期存在,具有生物毒性和富集性,可通过大气等介质长距离迁移的一类有机污染物的总称。多数POPs具有强亲脂性,易在生物体内富集并通过食物链放大,最终对人体产生不利影响。2001年5月23日,120多个国家和地区共同签署了《斯德哥尔摩公约》,对12种POPs给予限制或禁止生产和使用。     

武汉市湖泊演变与合理开发利用

武汉市湖泊是江汉湖群的一部分，属于浅水型湖泊。近50年来，湖泊面积和生态环境在自然因素和人为活动影响下发生了深刻的变化。该通过分析，揭示了在自然条件下，湖泊环境变化主要受气候和河流水位的影响；在人为因素中，主要是受圈垦和城市化的影响，而主导因素是人类活动。在湖泊的开发利用方面，本考虑到武汉市所面临的环境问题，确定湖泊的主导功能应以生态服务为主，开发与保护相结合，以实现湖泊资源的可持续发展利用。     

一类具有功能性反应的三种群食物链系统的稳定性

建立了具功能性反应的三种群食物链系统的模型,该系统是一个食饵种群被第一类捕食者种群捕食,而第二类捕食者种群仅捕食第一类捕食者种群.当给定参数满足一定条件下,应用微分方程理论和构造Liapunov函数的方法,讨论了平衡点的存在性,证明了平衡点的全局渐近稳定性和局部渐近稳定性.     

人工制备菌剂净化富营养化湖泊的研究

利用人工制备的菌剂在云南滇池进行了富营养化湖泊的净化实验,按一定程序布撒菌剂,在133d内,考察菌剂在自然水体中分布、存活动态变化情况及其对湖泊微生物类群和氮、磷、有机物质等化学指标的影响情况,对该菌剂的作用效果进行了综述评价,为污染水体污染物的微生物清除积累了重要的基础资料。     

近30年来我国湖泊沉积研究的进展

总结了近30年来中国湖泊沉积研究的状况。70～80年代中期，受油田开发的带动湖泊沉积研究得以兴起，且侧重研究地质过程；80年代中期之后，研究的范围不断扩大，方法不断完善，测年手段更趋精确．目前该领域研究的新特点为：云贵高原和青藏高原湖泊又成为新热点，强化短时间尺度研究，注重提取与人类活动相关的环境信息及与其他相关热点研究相结合．今后该领域研究应注意：(1)加强环境指标与环境要素间的定量关系研究；(2)强化研究人类活动对湖泊的影响机制；(3)建立中国第四纪湖泊数据库；(4)涉足极地地区研究。     

武汉市主城区湖泊发展的历史演变、问题及保护建议

武汉市江河纵横，湖泊众多，具有得天独厚的自然条件．在分析武汉市湖泊(特别是武汉市主城区湖泊)的历史演变发展中存在的关键问题的基础上，提出了武汉市主城区湖泊的保护对策及其发展建议，以期对类似城市的湖泊水系的保护工作有所借鉴．     

从哲学思维看我国的湖泊文化和生态文明

我国幅员辽阔,湖泊众多。湖泊,是湿地系统的重要构成部分,它孕育了地球上最早的生命,记录了生命在大地上留下的最初足迹,感受到最古老的文化与智慧,而它象征着的才是人类最本质的财富。因此,湖泊带有了深刻的文化内涵,塑造了和谐的生态文明。以哲学的思辨,用整体的、和谐的、可持续的现代发展观对我国的湖泊文化和生态文明做了简要的阐述。     

控制湖泊水体富营养化六大工作要点

近些年来,因经济的快速发展,资源利用强度加大,导致我国湖泊生源要素严重富集,生态系统退化,湖泊富营养化呈现迅猛发展的趋势。湖泊富营养化已经成为新世纪限制我国经济可持续发展的因素之一。在欧洲的Constance湖,湖边的3个国家主要就是根据科学家的食物链理论,规范人们的生产     

Mechanism and control of lake eutrophication

China is rich in lakes. The total lake area is 91000 km2 in which approximately one third, namely 27000 km2, is the fresh water lake[1]. In these fresh water lakes, about 16558 km2 (accounting for 60% of total fresh water lake area) is located in the midd…     

Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature

Widespread lakes on the Tibetan Plateau （TP） are valuable archives for investigating climate and environment changes, which could provide essential information on the mechanisms of past climate changes on the TP and their interaction with the global climate systems. However, there is a lack of in-depth investigation of modern limnological processes in the Tibetan lakes, which hampers the understanding of paleolimnological records and lake ecosystem succession. In this study, we performed continuous temperature monitoring at two lakes, Bangong Co, a freshwater lake in the western TP, and Dagze Co, a brackish lake in the central TP, in order to characterize the patterns of seasonal temperature variability, stratification, and mixing. Temperature data for an entire hydrological year demonstrate that Bangong Co is a dimictic lake and that Dagze Co is a meromictic lake. The higher salinity in the deep water at Dagze Co prevents the lake from overturning completely, and this finding is supported by simulations using a physical limnological model Lake Analyzer. Continuous lake water temperature monitoring provides fundamental data for classifying Tibetan lakes, as well as the hydrological basis for understanding their pa- leolimnological records and ecosystem succession.     

An analysis on the evolvement processes of lake eutrophication and their characteristics of the typical lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

Many lakes of China are in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially freshwater lakes, and their formation and evolvement are closely related to the change of water system and anthropic activity. In the recent decades, with the intensi…     

青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁及影响因素

 湖泊对气候波动有敏感记录。以地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）技术为基础,从20世纪70年代、90年代、2000年前后和2010年前后4期Landsat遥感影像中,提取青藏高原所有湖泊边界信息,建立青藏高原湖泊空间数据库,并收集了青藏高原47个气象台站的年平均气温和年降雨量资料（1961-2010）,研究青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁及其影响因素。结果表明,1973-2010年,青藏高原湖泊个数和总面积呈显著增加的趋势;青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁主要受气温升高、降雨量增加和蒸发量减少的影响;此外,影响青藏高原湖泊湖面动态变化的因素还有冰川分布、人类活动、湖盆形状、补给和排泄区等。     

湖北省湖泊水资源生态经济学评价

湖北省湖泊水资源具有以下特点：水质呈弱碱性,具有较大的缓冲能力。１５％的湖泊属于贫营养型,５４％的湖泊属于中营养型,３０％的湖泊属于富营养型。湖泊水源较充足,水位变幅小,湖流不明显,风浪小,适用鱼类生长的水温期长。但目前利用水平较低,作者在分析和评价湖水质量和水情后,提出了利用对策。     

High-altitude salt lake elevation changes and glacial ablation in Central Tibet, 2000-2010

This research quantifies lake level variations in the Siling Co, Co’e and Bangor Co salt lakes in Central Tibet from 1976 to 2010, and most notably for the 2000-2010 periods. In particular, the effects of different water replenishment modes on the lakes have been analyzed. Here we have provided new evidences for climate warming and accelerated glacial ablation on the Central Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2010. Based on fieldwork involving Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveying and Remote Sensing (RS) interpretations of the lake area, we have drawn the following conclusions. (1) From 1976 to 2010, the process of lake level variation in Siling Co can be divided into two stages. From 1976 to 2000, the lake level rose 4.3 m in a steady fashion (from 4530 to 4534.3 m); the rise rate was 0.18 m/a. From 2000 to 2010, the lake level rapidly rose 8.2 m (from 4534.3 to 4542.5 m), with a dramatically higher rise rate of 0.82 m/a. Compared with the rapidly increasing lake level of Siling Co from 2000 to 2010, the fluctuations observed at Co’e and Bangor Co were smooth and inconspicuous. (2) From 1976 to 2009, the lake area of Siling Co experienced a steady-rapid-steady expansion pattern. The lake area of Siling Co increased 656.64 km2 in the 34 years to 2010, a proportional growth of 39.4%. This was particularly significant in the 2000-2010 period, when the lake area of Siling Co increased by 549.77 km2, a proportional growth of 30.6%. (3) According to correlation analysis, the rise in regional temperatures, which has led to the ablation of glaciers, is the main reason for the rapid rise in Siling Co lake levels in the 10 years to 2010. During this period, Siling Co rose approximately 8 m as the direct result of glacial melting. An increase in precipitation in the Siling Co catchment area is the secondary factor. This contrasts with Bangor Co, where the dominant factor in lake level change is the long-term increase in precipitation; here, the increasing temperature is the secondary factor.     

Lake eutrophication and its ecosystem response

China is a country with many lakes, about one-third of which are freshwater mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Currently most of the lakes are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Lake eutrophication has become one of the major ecological and environmental problems faced by lakes in China and can lead to a series of abnormal ecosystem responses, including extinction of submerged plants, frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, increased microbial biomass and productivity, decreased biodiversity, accelerated cycles, and a change in the efficient use of nutrients. With development of eutrophication, the whole lake ecosystem suffers decreased biodiversity, simplification of biotic community structure, instability of the ecosystem, and ultimately the clear-water, macrophyte-dominated ecosystem gradually shifts to a turbid-water, algae-dominated ecosystem. This ecosystem succession mechanism is speculated to be caused by different nutrient utilization efficiencies of macrophytes and phytoplankton. The ultimate ecosystem succession trend of seriously eutrophic lakes is that a phytoplankton-dominated autotrophic lake shifts to a heterotrophic lake dominated by micro-organisms, protozoans.     

基于地表水环境质量标准的富营养化评价方法

目前富营养化评价方法众多。但各评价方法之间缺乏可比性,不利于湖泊富营养化的有效管理和治理。在对现有湖泊富营养化的评价方法进行分析、评价的基础上,提出了适合我国国情的基于GB3838--2002《地表水环境质量标准》的湖泊畜营养化评价方法。该方法是将水质评价和主要富营养化因子评价相结合的综合的富营养化评价方法,在巢湖西半湖等合肥市湖、库富营养化评价中应用表明：该方法不仅可以对不同湖、库的富营养化状况进行比较,而且可以对同一湖泊富营养化的时空变化进行分析,有利于对湖泊富营养化程度做出客观、合理的判断,进一步探讨湖泊富营养化成因．为治理富营养化提供全面、科学的决策依据。     

中国湖泊渔业与富营养化的关系

分析了湖泊中不同养殖鱼类对水体富营养化的影响,认为以“四大家鱼”为主体放养鱼种的中国湖泊养殖模式,加强了湖泊的富营养化。根据国情,大型水生植物收获法应是中国湖泊富营养化治理的最佳途径。     

新疆冰湖溃决灾害风险评价与预警研究

受全球气候变暖及人类活动的影响,冰湖溃决灾害已成为当前新疆地区经济可持续发展中的突出问题之一。利用1977(MSS)～2015年Landsat影像、2015年的Google Earth高精度影像和DEM等数据解译获取新疆冰湖的时空分布信息,并选取导致冰湖溃决的主要影响因子,运用MATLAB和SPSS等软件,利用西北地区已有冰湖数据作为训练样本拟合评价方程,建立了新疆冰湖溃决风险评价模型和基于BP神经网络算法的预警模型。结果表明:(1)1977年以来新疆三大山系中冰湖的数量和面积不断增加,冰湖数量上增加了62.0%,冰湖面积增长率为0.98 km~2·a~(-1),但增长率呈现逐年减小的趋势;(2)对分布在新疆范围内的17个典型冰湖溃决风险评价的结果显示:有5个冰湖为高危风险、5个冰湖为中等风险、7个冰湖为低等风险,新疆大约29%的冰湖需要进行实时监测。