植物硅酸体及其在环境考古学中的应用

介绍植物硅酸体的产生、形态、分类及研究简史，重点讨论其在环境考古中的应用及意义。植物硅酸体具有个体小、产量高、抗风化、耐高温且易于鉴定等特征，因而在环境考古研究中将发挥重要的作用。     

禾本科植物叶片中硅酸体的基本类型与分类系统的研究

本文观察了禾本科７８属１３１种植物叶片中硅酸体形态和排列方式，本科植物叶片中硅酸体主要有竹节形、鞍形、棒形、哑铃形、双哑铃形、圆形和椭圆形等。沿叶脉呈横列。丛列和混列。据形态结构和排列方式将禾本科植物硅酸体划分为竹型、稻型、画眉草型、针茅型、针柔型、早熟禾型和黍型６个类型，分别与本科的竹亚科、稻亚科、画眉草亚科、针茅亚科、早熟禾亚科和黍亚科植物相吻合，指出芦竹亚科的硅酸体分属画眉草型和黍型。并初步     

新疆野生蔬菜植物资源初探

新疆植物资源丰富，共有3270种非栽培植物和730种栽培植物，其中常见的野生蔬菜植物100多种，应用前景广阔。本在研究新疆植物种类的基础上，结合前人的研究以及有关献资料的记载，对新疆野生蔬菜植物资源的种类组成、特点、利用现状进行初步探讨，并提出建议。     

古栽培稻生物学研究若干方法问题的检讨

栽培稻的起源与分化研究,需要从生物学的角度,利用自然科学的研究方法和手段,对考古发现的古栽培稻遗存进行科学检测与分析研究.考古发现的古栽培稻遗存可分为遗物和遗迹两大类型,对其研究方法先后出现过芒的分析法、传统粒型分析法、孢粉分析法、灰像法、硅酸体分析法、DNA分析法、双峰乳突判别函数鉴定法、粒型判别函数法、双峰乳突印痕鉴定法、小穗轴分析法和小穗基盘分析法等.这些方法并不是古栽培稻遗存研究的终极方法",其本身也有不同程度的局限性;但研究方法的改良与创新,开阔了学术视野,提出了新的问题,促使学术界对既有认识和研究结论进行重新审视,并进一步寻求新的方法,以期对栽培稻起源与分化问题有更为全面的认识.     

人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体的植物遴选

利用人工生物浮床栽培植物20余种，成活率大都在70％以上，有的甚至达到或接近100％。从成活率和生长量的角度，研究认为美人蕉、水蕹菜、牛筋草、香蒲、芦苇、荻、水稻等7种植物作为浮床栽培植物是较合适的．研究也表明人工生物浮床的构建合理、浮床植物的栽培方法得当，作为治理富营养化湖泊的技术之一是可行的．     

西南大学校园种子植物区系组成及特征分析

在对西南大学校园种子植物进行拉网式调查、标本采集和鉴定的基础上,对其科、属的分布区类型进行了统计分析,得出其区系特征如下:①种子植物类型较为丰富,区系成分较为复杂.校园共有种子植物125科,452属,671种;其中栽培植物357种,占53.2%;共包含10种科的分布区类型、15种属的分布区类型及变型.②植物区系成分中,以热带成分为主,温带成分也较为丰富,呈现出一定的过渡性.③特有、珍稀濒危及重点保护植物种类较为丰富.④属种系数相对较高,说明其生境较为简单,这与栽培植物的来源多样性密切相关.     

云南景洪娜咪囡遗址植硅体分析（英文）

在末次冰期到全新世的过渡时期，全球气候发生了巨大的变化。几乎与此同时，人类社会也从旧石器时代向新石器时代过渡。因此，这一时期气候变化与人类活动的关系是考古学研究的热点。云南省是我国旧石器时代考古遗址最为丰富的地区，但这里的新石器时代遗址数量相对较少，对云南省旧石器-新石器时代过渡期的旧气候研究也很少。植硅体是一种可长期保存的植物微体化石，是研究考古遗址古气候的重要手段。本研究以旧石器时代向新石器时代过渡时期的娜咪囡遗址为研究对象，利用植硅体重建了各考古地层的气候，并探讨可能的古人类活动。结果表明，娜咪囡遗址经历了一个升温、冷却再变暖的过程，这与云南其他地区的古气候研究是一致的。     

库布齐沙地油蒿蒸腾作用特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用美国产Ｌ１－６００便携式光合分析系统对库布齐沙地植被建种种油蒿和其它几种主要沙生植物的蒸腾作用及环境因子进行研究。结果表明,油蒿等几种天然沙生植物和羊柴等几种栽培植物的蒸腾作用有不同的特征,即油蒿等几种天然植物的蒸腾作用有午休现象,而羊柴等几种栽培植物蒸腾作用却无明显的午休现象,并且不同沙生植物蒸腾速率差异很大。油蒿表现最大蒸腾作用的时间在８月份,较地上生物量的高峰期提前一个月左右,沙生植物蒸     

西南林业大学校园植物构成与分析

为了解西南林业大学校园植物的种类构成,采用实地调查法对校内植物资源进行调查,并与其他高校校园植物资源进行比较分析.结果表明:(1)校园内共有维管植物127科398属628种,包括栽培植物89科200属329种、野生植物78科219属299种;(2)校园内土著植物和外来植物分别有345和283种,分别包含栽培植物和野生植...     

贵州省施秉地区常见栽培植物名录

施秉喀斯特位于我国贵州省黔东南州境内,区内拥有古老、完整、全球罕见的白云岩喀斯特地貌,因其具有超乎寻常的美学、生态和科研价值。该区域内地形崎岖,气候湿润温和,人为干扰少,水质洁净,森林茂密,生境多样,生物种类繁多。研究历经3年对该区域的植物进行鉴定整理得到该区域常见栽培植物名录,以期对该区植物资源综合开发利用提供参考。     

Starch grains reveal early root crop horticulture in the Panamanian tropical forest

Native American populations are known to have cultivated a large number of plants and domesticated them for their starch-rich underground organs. Suggestions that the likely source of many of these crops, the tropical forest, was an early and influential centre of plant husbandry have long been controversial because the organic remains of roots and tubers are poorly preserved in archaeological sediments from the humid tropics. Here we report the occurrence of starch grains identifiable as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yams (Dioscorea sp.) and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) on assemblages of plant milling stones from preceramic horizons at the Aguadulce Shelter, Panama, dated between 7,000 and 5,000 years before present (BP). The artefacts also contain maize starch (Zea mays L.), indicating that early horticultural systems in this region were mixtures of root and seed crops. The data provide the earliest direct evidence for root crop cultivation in the Americas, and support an ancient and independent emergence of plant domestication in the lowland Neotropical forest.     

Neolithic rice paddy from the Zhaojiazhuang site, Shandong, China

To identify and study the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong, eastern China, is not only an important issue in the development of Chinese rice agriculture, but also a key part of the study on rice spread in East Asia. Due to the limitation of archaeological materials and the research methods, there have been no discoveries about the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong Province for a long time. Based on the identification of possible rice paddy by archaeological excavation, phytolith analysis of soil samples from this "paddy" has been systematically carried out and the results have shown a 4600—4300 years old rice paddy preserved at the Zhaojiazhuang site. This is the first examination and study of the rice paddy in North China by systematic phytolith analysis, which is very important for the Neolithic archaeological research and the study of the eastward spread of rice agricultural techniques in East Asia.     

Carbon sequestration within millet phytoliths from dry-farming of crops in China

Phytoliths are noncrystalline minerals that form inside cells and cell walls of different parts of plants. Organic carbon in living cells can be occluded in phytoliths during plant growth. It has been documented that the occluded carbon within phytoliths is an important long-term terrestrial carbon reservoir that has a major role in the global carbon cycle. Common millet and foxtail millet have become typical dry-farming crops in China since the Neolithic Age. The study of carbon conservation within phytoliths in these crops could provide insights into anthropogenic influences on the carbon cycle. In this study, we analyzed the carbon content in phytoliths of common millet and foxtail millet. The results indicated that (1) common millet and foxtail millet contained 0.136% ± 0.070% and 0.129% ± 0.085% phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) on a dry mass basis, respectively; (2) based on the mean annual production of common millet and foxtail millet in the last 10 years, the phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate of common millet and foxtail millet was approximately 0.023 ± 0.015 and 0.020 ± 0.010 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 , respectively; (3) assuming a similar phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate as for common millet (the highest accumulation rate was 0.038 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 ), this could result in the sequestration of 2.37 × 10 6 t CO 2 per year for the 62.4 × 10 6 ha dry-farming crops in China. Although there was a decline in the annual production rate and planting area of foxtail millet during 1949 to 2008, the total phytolith carbon sequestration rate was 7×10 6 t CO 2 within the 60-year period. However, phytolith occluded carbon has not yet been fully considered as a global carbon sink. Also, this carbon fraction is probably one of the best candidates for the missing carbon sink.     

Development of ancestors‘ cultivation revealed in phytolith assembalages from Guangfulin relics

Shanghai Museum has got great achievements in re-excavating Guangfulin relics.It is the first time that the cultural remains of Wangyoufang type is found above the Liangzhu cultural remains which comes from East Henan Province,providing previous materials for researching culture evolution around Taihu Lake.Samples were taken from the immature soil layer and cultural layers of Guangfulin relics for phytolith analysis.According to the systemic research for the archaeological remains and phytolith fossil,the phytoliths in Guangfulin relics can be divided into four xones.The development of rice agriculture and living condition of Guangfulin ancestors was discussed based on the existing rice fan-shaped phytolith,rice shell phytolith.diatom fossil and archaeology,evidence in the same layer.The Guangfulin relics has gradually developed since a high sea level 5000 years ago,and the broad rice agriculture has simultaneously developed.The newly re-excavated relics provides valuable materials for the research of ancestors and ancient culture in Shanghai.     

Development of ancestors'''' cultivation revealed in phytolith assemblages from Guangfulin relics

1 Survey The Changjiang Delta Region is one of the cradles of the national culture. 300 cultural sites of Neolithic, which separately belong to 4 archaeology cultural styles, includ-ing Majiabang culture (7—6 kaBP), Songze culture (6—5 kaBP), Liangzhu culture (5—4 kaBP) and Maqiao culture (4—3 kaBP), were excavated and represent the develop-ing steps of continuous ancient culture[1]. After 1949 the archaeologists in Shanghai have been doing a great deal of excavation to ancient rel…     

Phytolith analysis of Naminan archaeological site in Jinghong City,Yunnan Province

The global climate underwent tremendous changes during the transition from the Last Glacial Period to the Holocene. At almost the same time, human society transitioned from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic. Therefore, the relationship between climate change and human activity during this period has become a research hotspot.Yunnan Province is a region with a great abundance of Paleolithic archaeological sites in China; however, Neolithic sites are relatively few. There has also been relatively little research on paleoclimatic conditions during the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition in Yunnan. Phytoliths, as a highly durable and long-lasting form of plant microfossils, can be an important means for reconstructing paleoclimates. In this study, we examined the Naminan site in Jinghong, which was occupied during the transitional period from the Paleolithic to Neolithic. Based on our analysis of the phytolith record at Naminan, we reconstructed the climatic conditions for each of the archaeological strata and discussed possible human activities. The results show that Naminan experienced a sequence of warming followed by cooling and warming, which is consistent with previous paleoclimate research in other areas of Yunnan Province.     

谷类作物基因组的共线性

谷类是农业生产中最为重要的粮食作物。比较遗传学研究表明,在遗传图谱水平和Mb水平,许多谷类作物的基因组所含基因及基因的顺序均高度保守,但在微观水平上,共线性水平的保守性不高,各物种间存在不同程度的重组。禾谷类作物基因组的共线性分析可为禾本科基因组进化研究提供了重要线索,也有助于其他禾本科物种基因组结构研究。水稻由于具有基因组小、与其他谷类作物共线性水平高等特点而被作为单子叶植物的模式植物。     

Plant genetics. Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests

Early domestication and extensive cultivation have meant that staple Mediterranean fruit crops such as olives, grapes and dates exist in wild-looking forms that are secondary derivatives produced by sexual reproduction among cultivated plants (cultivars), which were initially propagated vegetatively. By using genetic markers associated with characters that render plants unsuitable for domestication, we show here that genuinely wild olive trees, which cannot be distinguished morphologically from feral forms, still survive in a few Mediterranean forests. These wild stocks are genetically distinct and more variable than either the crop strains or their derived feral forms, a finding that has important implications for the conservation of these ancient lineages.     

围塘养殖沉积物中磷的存在形态、分布及环境效应

对东海隘顽湾海域贝类、青蟹、对虾、弹涂养殖区水体沉积物表层中磷的存在形态进行分析,结果表明 :不同水产品围塘养殖水体沉积物中磷的各种存在形态差异显著.其中贝类养殖区总磷含量最高,弹涂养殖区有机结合态磷含量远高于其它养殖区.