On the Analysis of Discourse and its Application

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction about the discourse analysis and its importance, and then focuses on the analysis of an scientific article by use of the problem-solution pattern and lexical signalling. At last, the analysis is applied to the language teaching in reading and writing which assures its importance.     

Conversational implicature in business negotiation

Conversational implicature is a feature of language in use. This paper is trying to explore the conversational implicature phenomenon in business negotiation. From pragmatics view, it analyses the potential meaning of break off the Negotiation and carry on the negotiation in business negotiation. Through carefully selected examples, it manages to show how to behave politely in business negotiation. It's hoped that this paper can help those who are in such field to achieve successful negotiation.     

Effects of information feedback on an asymmetrical two-route scenario

In traffic system, a reasonable information feedback can improve road capacity. In this paper, we investigate an asymmetrical two-route scenario in which dynamic information can be generated and displayed on the board to guide drivers. Two improved feedbacks （i.e. improved mean velocity feedback and improved congestion coefficient feedback） are introduced. Simulations show that the average cost is dependent on the vehicle arrival rate and there exists a critical the dynamic vehicles ratio corresponding to the maximum flux. We find that improved con-gestion coefficient can better enhance the system capacity than that of improved mean velocity feedback.     

Discussing the Expansive Learning in Modern Organizations

<正>1 Introduction Endeavours on learning methods have long occupied the mind spaces of scholars and there have been theories abound on how people learn and in what way organisations can use some of the knowledge gained in the art of learning to maximise human productivity.While the theories by themselves are not solutions to problems,they are steps of inquiry that provide us with interesting perspectives that we can use to extend our knowledge of the dimensions of learning.This paper is an exploratory work on the theories postulated by three notable scholars including Zimmerman     

浅谈语料库应用的几个方面

This paper demonstrates respectlly the importances of abiding by the courtesy principles of English on telephone,writing and negotiation and presents the methods to make diction tactful and tone mild during business English communication.If we use the principles skillfully,it can help both sides to establish business relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.     

Genre-Centered Approach to Reading and Writing

This paper focuses on two aspects. One is the introduction of the semiotic systemic functional approach to the notion of genre, and the other is its practical use in the text analysis. For the latter, the experiments are mainly carried out from the examination of the relation between the social purpose of the text type and the generic structure potential. One of the most important implications of this study is closely related to English teaching. As genre analysis can help the students understand the macrostructure of a text so as to help them improve both their reading comprehension and writing competence, genre teaching will become necessary. Cultivating genre competence is very important in cultivating linguistic competence.     

TEACHER＇S ROLES IN AN ENGLISH CLASS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

English is part of school curriculumn in primary school.How can children be successful in English learning？ The teacher may plays an important role in the process of teaching and learning.For a teacher,to know how to teach,especially to know what roles does the teacher play in an English calss is very important.This paper presents the teacher as an cotroller,an assessor,an organizer,a participant and a resource in an English classof primary school.     

A shortest path algorithm for moving objects in spatial network databases

One of the most important kinds of queries in Spatial Network Databases （SNDB） to support location-based services （LBS） is the shortest path query. Given an object in a network, e.g. a location of a car on a road network, and a set of objects of interests, e.g. hotels, gas station, and car, the shortest path query returns the shortest path from the query object to interested objects. The studies of shortest path query have two kinds of ways, online processing and preprocessing. The studies of preprocessing suppose that the interest objects are static. This paper proposes a shortest path algorithm with a set of index structures to support the situation of moving objects. This algorithm can transform a dynamic problem to a static problem. In this paper we focus on road networks. However, our algorithms do not use any domain specific information, and therefore can be applied to any network, This algorithm＇s complexity is O（klog2i）, and traditional Diikstra＇s comolexitv is O（（i ＋ k）^2）.     

An Analysis of Figurative Language in“Profits of Praise”

Figures of speech are often used to express the writer's ideas or thoughtsmore vividly and attractively.This paper chooses“Profits of Praise”as an example toanalyze the effect of figures of speech on expressing the writer's ideas and comes tothe conclusion that figures of speech play an important part in the expression of ideas,and they can help students understand the text better and help improve their writing.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display te geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations：retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly,to improve the efficiency,we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree,the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper intrrduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform ) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets ： One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigne+ with a importance value which +enote the importance of them,and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks,and vertexes are total ortiered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree,one can easily rtrieve data at differnt detail levels. Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Potential Ecological Benefits of the Middle Route for the South-North Water Diversion Project

This paper presents a study of the middle route of the South-North Water Diversion Project. The middle route runs through the Northern China plain, where the water shortages are the most severe. There is not only a shortage of water for human usage, but also a shortage of ecological water. Although the current plan for the middle route is strictly focused on supplying water for residential and industrial use, the water can also potentially be used for ecological purposes. This paper evaluates the potential ecological benefits that can be brought to the fragile ecology in northern China by the middle route, in addition to the water supplied to residences and industry. The study describes ecological benefits of the middle route project, such as mitigation of groundwater extraction in the region and positive influences on the climate, the ecological uses of the middle route project itself, such as creating artificial niches along the channel and directly using the channel for ecological purposes, and the ecological uses of the water along the middle route such as diversion of the water into dyer channels that have suffered from drought conditions for decades.     

General attribute based RBAC model for web services

Growing numbers of users and many access policies that involve many different resource attributes in service-oriented environments cause various problems in protecting resource. This paper analyzes the relationships of resource attributes to user attributes based on access policies for Web services, and proposes a general attribute based role-based access control（GARBAC） model. The model introduces the notions of single attribute expression, composite attribute expression, and composition permission, defines a set of elements and relations among its elements and makes a set of rules, assigns roles to user by inputing user＇s attributes values. The model is a general access control model, can support more granularity resource information and rich access control policies, also can be used to wider application for services. The paper also describes how to use the GARBAC model in Web services environments.     

Comparison of the Teaching Concepts between Chinese and Americans

This paper makes a comparative study on higher education in respect of four aspects in educational system between China and America,in the hope of finding reasons that can be useful to our cultivation in China.     

Rayleigh backscattering: a method to highly compress laser linewidth

Ultra-narrow linewidth laser with several hun- dred hertz at room temperature has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years and played a critical role in both optical sensing and communication fields. In this paper, a new method based on Rayleigh backscattering to highly compress the laser linewidth was proposed and demon- strated theoretically and experimentally. By theoretical analysis and simulation, Rayleigh backscattering can be collected in any waveguide structure and all wave bands, which could have a revolutionary impact on the field of laser. A single-longitudinal mode fiber ring laser with 130-Hz linewidth was achieved with self-injection feed- back structure at normal atmospheric temperature. The linewidth compression based on Rayleigh backscattering lies in the fact that laser linewidth after scattering is narrower than that of incident light in high Rayleigh scattering structure. The self-rejection feedback method expanding free spectra range of laser cavity simultaneously was used to further suppress the mode-hopping and stabilizing output. Experimental results showed that the laser linewidth can be easily narrowed to hundreds of hertz with side-mode suppression up to 75 dB. This agrees with the theoretical analysis and simulation results qualitatively.     

Implications of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis on Second Language Teaching

1 IntroductionForeign language teaching generally refers to the theory and practice of teaching a foreign language.It has close connection with linguistics,psychology,education,philosophy,sociology and other disciplines.Since linguistics and foreign language teaching both study language phenomena on the aspects of theory and practice,the two are much closely related to each other.Linguistics is beneficial to language teaching in two aspects: Firstly,applied linguistics extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of language learning and teaching,so that the teacher is enabled to make better decisions on the goal and content of the teaching.Secondly,applied linguistics states the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology.Once the goal and content of the teaching are settled,the teacher has to consider questions of how to teach.As an English teacher it really enriches my mind on what to teach and how to teach more effectively.This paper will focus on Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and its implications on second language teaching.     

PRAGMATICS and FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

This paper intends to discuss the research of pragmatics' influence on foreign language teaching.It divides into four parts,mainly deals with relationship between pragmatics and teaching.Pragmatics directs what to teach and selects which syllabus.Also,it directs how to teach(weather the student-centred or teacher-centred,use what techniques and so on).Pragmatics directs teaching,while teaching experiences is the practical material for pragmatics research.This paper also gives a deep discussion about Pragmatic context and cultural pragmatics which is an important factor in the study of pragmatics and foreign language teaching.This presentation intends to provide an overview on the roles that research in pragmatics should be playing that could be viewed as necessary adjusted focus in its research domain.     

Surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW steel cross joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a postweld technique for improving the fatigue strength of welded joints. This technique makes use of ultrasonic vibration to impact and plastically deform a weld toe and can achieve surface grain refinement of the weld toe, which is considered as the main reason for the improvement of fatigue strength. In this paper, the microstructure of the surface of a treated weld toe was observed by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that UIT could produce severe plastic deformation on the surface layer of the weld toe and the maximum depth of plastic deformation extended to approximately 260 μm beneath the treated surface. Repeated processing could exacerbate the plastic deformation on the surface layer, resulting in finer grains. We can conclude that the surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW welded joints is related to the high density of dislocation tangles and dislocation walls.     

Coordination by Option Contracts in a Retailer-Led Supply Chain with Demand Update

This research examines how to use an option contract to coordinate a retailer-led supply chain where the market information can be updated. Based on Stackelberg game theory, we build a mode with one supplier and one retailer in which the retailer designs contracts to coordinate the supplier＇s production in a two-mode production environment. This focuses on an option contract that consists of two option prices and one exercise price. By theoretical analysis and numerical example, we find that such a contract can coordinate the supplier and retailer to act in the best interest of the channel. The optimal pricing conditions are given as follows： First, option prices should be negatively correlated to the exercise price and should be in a relevant range. Second, the first-period option price should be no greater than the second-period price and should be linearly correlated to the second-period option price when the latter is beyond some threshold. The results show that such option contracts can arbitrarily allocate the extra system profit between the two parties so that each party is in a win-win situation.     

Design of Survivable Routing with and without Wavelength-continuity Constraints in WDM Networks

The problem of routing logical links (lightpaths) on a physical topology of WDM networks in a way that the logical topology remains connected in the event of single physical link failure is called survivable routing. This paper addresses the survivable routing problem with and without wavelength-continuity constraints by proposing a new Integer Linear Programming (ILP) algorithm, which is based on a simplified necessary and sufficient condition. Numerical results are given and discussed to show that survivable routing solutions of most logical topologies can be found by the algorithm of the authors. Furthermore, comparing with other similar methods, the above algorithm can find out a survivable solution in much shorter time, and it works especially well with sparse-connected logical topologies. The impact of wavelengthcontinuity constraints and the other factors that influence the probability to find out a survivable solution are also discussed in the paper.