国外生物质发电技术研究进展

概述了生物质与煤混烧技术在国内外的应用现状,列举了欧洲几家煤粉炉和循环流化床生物质与煤混烧发电实例,指出生物质与煤混合燃烧是一种综合利用生物质能和煤炭资源并同时降低污染排放的新型燃烧方式,其大规模应用对我国发展生物质与煤混烧发电具有指导意义。     

循环流化床燃烧工况对生成N2O的影响

在一个小型循环流化床试验台上对１０种煤进行了燃烧试验，研究了过量空气系数、燃烧温度对Ｎ２Ｏ、ＮＯｘ生成的影响，并与鼓泡流化床运行状态进行了对比试验，在一个半工业性循环流化床试验台上进行了循环倍率对Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯｘ生成影响的试验，对循环流化床煤燃烧过程中Ｎ２Ｏ的生成与分解机理进行了分析和讨论，试验发现，循环流化床中Ｎ２Ｏ的生成机理与鼓泡流化床有较大的区别，多相反应对循环流化床的稀相区的Ｎ２Ｏ的生成具有     

煤质特性对循环流化床燃烧N2O生成的影响

选取１０种动力用煤在循环流化床上进行了燃烧试验，研究了煤的挥发分含量、含碳量、含氮量等煤质特性对循环流化床中Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯｘ的生成及氮转化率的影响，并对循环流化床中Ｎ２Ｏ的生成与分解机理进行了分析。     

造纸废弃物与煤循环流化床混烧特性研究

将生产瓦楞纸板的造纸工艺废弃物包括造纸污泥和制程废渣与煤相混在循环流化床中焚烧,具有燃烧稳定、燃尽率高和污染物排放低等优点,是一种理想的处理方式.在一座密相区截面积为0.23 m×0.23 m、高度为7 m的循环流化床燃烧试验装置上首次进行了高水分、低热值造纸污泥/废渣与煤混烧的系统性试验研究.结果表明:随二次风率增加,密相区温度略有下降,稀相区温度有所降低,燃烧效率提高;随空气过剩系数增大,密相区温度升高,稀相区温度起先上升然后下降,存在一个最佳值,其所对应的燃烧效率最高;随废弃物掺混质量比增大,炉膛温度普遍下降,燃烧效率相应降低.研究结果为一台蒸发量为45 t/h的造纸废弃物与煤混烧焚烧锅炉的优化设计和成功投运提供了可靠依据.     

焚烧炉中单元垃圾干燥过程的试验研究

通过在马弗炉内以及循环流化床内对单元垃圾（土豆块）进行干燥试验，分别获得了其在炉内的干燥特性曲线．试验结果显示，在马弗炉内低温区干燥温度对垃圾干燥过程的影响较大；在同一干燥温度下，随着垃圾厚度的增加，干燥时间近似呈指数形式增加；在干燥的大部分阶段，土豆块内温度随含湿量减少呈逐渐上升趋势．在循环流化床内，土豆块的整个干燥过程中只有降速段，而不存在恒速段和初始段，垃圾厚度对干燥过程有显著影响．     

350MW超临界循环流化床锅炉煤泥掺烧技术

循环流化床锅炉燃料适应性广泛,燃用废弃物既可以提高生产的经济性,又能减少环境污染。通过对某工程350MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的煤泥混烧进行分析,确定了大容量循环流化床锅炉掺烧煤泥的比例,为生产实践起到了参考作用。     

医疗垃圾CFBC洁净燃烧炉内料层阻力特性试验

进行了医疗垃圾CFBC洁净燃烧炉内料层阻力特性试验，得出了料层阻力与一次风量的关系，研究料层厚度及粒径大小对料层阻力和临界流化风量的影响，确定了冷态临界流化风量；比较煤和医疗垃圾两种不同燃料的阻力特性，发现在料层厚度相同的情况下，物料为医疗垃圾的临界流化风量要小于物料为煤的临界流化风量，在一次风量相同的情况下，医疗垃圾料层阻力也比较小。     

城市污泥与煤混烧过程中Nox和N2O的排放特性

在热输入为0.2 MW的循环流化床试验台上进行了城市污泥与煤的混烧试验,着重研究了污泥/煤掺混质量比、空气过剩系数、二次风率等因素对NOx及N2O排放的影响.研究表明,随着污泥掺烧比例的增大,流化床密相区和稀相区的温度明显下降,烟气中NO和NO2的质量浓度均呈下降趋势,而N2O的质量浓度则明显上升;随着空气过剩系数的增加,NOx和N2O的排放质量浓度均呈增加趋势;在空气过剩系数保持不变的条件下,随着二次风率的增加,密相区的还原性气氛增强,NOx和N2O的排放质量浓度呈下降趋势.     

流化床反应器内NO和N2O生成的影响因素分析

以流化床反应器为对象,通过数值模拟,研究过量空气系数、煤种及煤与生物质混烧对NO和N2O生成的影响。研究结果表明,流化床反应器燃烧过程中产生的氮氧化物主要是NO和N2O,且NO和N2O随过量空气系数的增加而明显增加;NOx的生成量还和煤种有很大关系。煤的含氮量、煤中氧与氮的质量比和氢与氮的质量比都会直接影响NO和N2O的生成量。采用煤与生物质混烧的方法,羧基主要作用于中间产物HCN,从而减少NO和N2O的生成量。煤与生物质混烧可以降低燃烧过程中NO和N2O的排放。     

不同挥发分煤在循环床中燃烧时NOx排放的实验研究

在循环流化床实验台上，以地东北地区两种典型煤，彩屯煤和俊德煤分别进行了燃烧时ＮＯｘ排放的实验研究。考察了不同的流化床温度、一次风率、二次风口位置及比例和循环倍率对ＮＯｘ排放浓度的影响。表明：在循环床温度范围，温度对ＮＯｘ排放浓度影响不显著；     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with