季铵盐型双子表面活性剂18-4-18的合成

以十八烷基二甲基叔胺与1,4-二溴丁烷为原料合成季铵盐型双子表面活性剂18-4-18,并通过单因素法确定该反应的最佳工艺条件。由实验得出合成18-4-18的最佳反应条件为:反应温度70℃,将1,4-二溴丁烷加入到过量的十八烷基二甲基叔胺中,反应物摩尔比为n(十八烷基二甲基叔胺):n(1,4-二溴丁烷)=2.2:1,保温搅拌48 h,反应产率为75.6%。     

一种阳离子型双子表面活性剂合成的因素探讨

用1,2-二溴乙烷和十二烷基二甲基叔胺合成了一种阳离子型双子表面活性剂——乙烷-1,2-二(十二烷基二甲基溴化铵),记为12-2-12,并对合成产物进行了表征.结果表明,合成产物即为目标产物.合成的最佳条件是:反应温度是70℃,药品加入次序是1,2-二溴乙烷和十二烷基二甲基叔胺,物料比为n(1,2-二溴乙烷):n(十二烷基二甲基叔胺)=2∶1,持续加热20h,收率92.6％.     

马来酸酐双酯型阳离子可聚合表面活性剂的合成研究

合成了马来酸酐双酯型阳离子可聚合表面活性剂,采用马来酸酐与十二醇开环生成十二烷基马来酸酐半酯;用2-(二乙氨基)氯乙烷盐酸盐在弱碱性(KHCO3)条件下与十二烷基马来酸酐半酯烷基化而生成亮黄色油状的长链叔胺;然后用溴化苄与十二烷基叔胺季胺化而生成马来酸酐双酯型阳离子可聚合表面活性剂,研究结果表明:当十二烷基叔胺与溴化苄反应摩尔比为1:1.2,反应温度为60℃,于丁酮中反应2,4 h,表面活性单体产率最高可达68.65％,红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱证实了所合成表面活性剂的结构,该产品能显著降低水的表面张力(28.21 mN·m-1),并具有较低的临界胶束浓度(0.0167 mmol·L-1).     

季胺型阳离子木薯淀粉制备研究

本文以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化胺为醚化剂对木薯淀粉进行醚化制得季胺型阳离子淀粉。以互甲胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷为原料,制备了醚化剂3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化胺,醚化剂制备适宜温度为20℃,二者物质的量之比1．00：1．05,反应时间3—4h．真空蒸馏3—4次提纯。采用湿法制备阳离子淀粉,反应浆液浓度30％-40%,反应温度40℃,反应体系pH值11—12,氢氧化钠与醚化剂物质的量之比2-8：1,淀粉与醚化剂物质的量之比1：0．15。取代度为0.07-0．12。67     

氰酸钠合成工艺的优化

考察氰酸钠合成工艺中溶剂种类、溶剂用量、原料物质的量之比、反应温度及反应时间对产品纯度和收率的影响,采用红外光谱确证产物的结构。在N,N-二基甲酰胺(DMF)和甲苯作溶剂下,n(碳酸钠)∶n(尿素)=1∶2.6,m(原料)∶m(DMF)∶m(甲苯)=1∶5∶1,反应温度140℃,反应时间13 h条件下,产品纯度可达98.7%,收率可达99.2%。     

注射用水飞蓟宾的制剂研究

对注射用水飞蓟宾的制剂进行研究．水飞蓟宾和葡甲胺分别于水浴温度为82℃下以无水乙醇溶解,混合两相溶液于45℃下旋转回收无水乙醇得水飞蓟宾葡甲胺（物质的量的比为1：1）复合物,此复合物与葡甲胺共同溶于水中制成含水飞蓟宾葡甲胺复合物20mg／mL,葡甲胺10mg／mL的药液．药液进行冻干．试验证明此制剂方法在实际生产中可行．     

菜籽油烷基醇酰胺的制备研究

对以菜籽油为原料，经酯交换、胺解等制得烷基醇酰胺的工艺条件进行了研究，确定了最佳工艺条件。烷基酵酰胺制备在酯、胺物质的量之比=1：1．8，反应时间均控制在3h，在100℃保温时间控制在3h，反应温度为120—130℃时制得烷基酵酰胺产品，增稠性、稳泡性明显，优于椰子油烷基醇酰胺。     

新型三联阳离子表面活性剂的合成

以环氧树脂和十六叔胺为原料,合成了新型三联阳离子表面活性剂,探索了合成低聚表面活性剂的新途径,并对合成工艺进行了优化。对合成的产物进行了化学分析、红外光谱及电喷雾电离质谱分析,证明所得产物为目标产物。结果表明：最佳工艺条件为50℃下十六叔胺与环氧树脂物质的量配比为3：l,将环氧树脂滴加到十六叔胺中,反应7h结束。     

新型三联季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

本文合成了一种三聚阳离子表面活性剂—三(2-氯化十二烷基二甲铵基乙基)胺(TCDAEA)。以三乙醇胺、氯化亚砜为原料,经分子内亲核取代合成了中间体三(2-氯乙基)胺并通过乙酰化法测定其转化率;然后以三(2-氯乙基)胺与N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺经季铵化反应合成了TCDAEA。并通过单因素条件实验考察了催化剂质量分数、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂质量分数、N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺与三(2-氯乙基)胺物质的量比等因素对产品产率的影响及其对产品溶液表面张力的影响。结果表明：当氢氧化钾质量分数为0.3%、nN,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺：n三(2-氯乙基)胺=3.9、溶剂质量分数为20%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为6h时,产品收率可达96.56%;在上述条件基础上,在25℃、临界胶束浓度为4.2?0-4mol/L时,产品溶液的表面张力降低至25.2mN/m。此外,用FT-IR方法对中间体和产物TCDAEA进行了分析表征,研究表明,TCDAEA是一种新型的三聚季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂,具有更高的表面活性。     

双邻香草醛希夫碱的结构表征与合成工艺

以邻香草醛和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为原料,合成双邻香草醛希夫碱。通过单因素实验讨论了不同溶剂、反应时间、反应温度和物料物质的量之比对希夫碱产率的影响,并采用IR、1H 和13C核磁、元素分析等手段对产物希夫碱结构进行了表征。希夫碱合成的适宜工艺条件为：溶剂为四氢呋喃,反应温度35 ℃,反应时间1 h,邻香草醛与4,4′-二氨基二苯醚的物质的量之比为2〖DK〗∶1,在此条件下希夫碱产率达到697 %。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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