<Superscript>1</Superscript>H MAS NMR spectra of kaolinite/formamide intercalation compound

The high spinning speed ¹H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H MAS NMR) technique was employed to distinguish the two groups of surface hydroxyls of kaolinite and investigate the intercalation mechanism of kaolinite/formamide compound. The proton chemical shifts of the inner hydroxyl and inner surface hydroxyl of kaolinte are in the range of δ−1.3–−0.9 and δ 2.4–3.0 respectively. After formamide intercalation three proton peaks were detected. The proton peak of the inner surface hydroxyls of the intercalation compound shifts to high-field with δ 2.3–2.7, which is assigned to the formation of the hydrogen bond between the inner surface hydroxyl and formamide carbonyl group. Whereas, the proton peak of the inner hydroxyl shifts to δ −0.3 toward low-field, that is attributed to van der Waal’s effect between the inner hydroxyl proton and the amino group proton of the formamide which may be keyed into the ditrigonal hole of the kaolinite. The third peak, additional proton peak, is in the range of δ5.4–5.6, that is ascribed to the hydrogen bond formation between the amino group proton of formimide and SiO₄ tetrahedral oxygen of the kaolinite.     

Comprehensive model for a slag bath in electroslag remelting process with a current-conductive mould

A mathematical model was developed to describe the interaction of multiple physical fields in a slag bath during electroslag remelting (ESR) process with a current-conductive mould. The distributions of current density, magnetic induction intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heating, fluid flow and temperature were simulated. The model was verified by temperature measurements during remelting 12CrMoVG steel with a slag of 50wt%-70wt% CaF₂, 20wt%-30wt% CaO, 10wt%-20wt% Al₂O₃, and ≤ 10wt% SiO₂ in a 600 mm diameter current-conductive mould. There is a good agreement between the calculated temperature results and the measured data in the slag bath. The calculated results show that the maximum values of current density, electromagnetic force and Joule heating are in the region between the corner electrodes and the conductivity element. The characteristics of current density distribution, magnetic induction intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heating, velocity patterns and temperature profiles in the slag bath during ESR process with current-conductive mould were analyzed.     

Direct observation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules

Bonds between adhesion molecules are often mechanically stressed. A striking example is the tensile force applied to selectin-ligand bonds, which mediate the tethering and rolling of flowing leukocytes on vascular surfaces. It has been suggested that force could either shorten bond lifetimes, because work done by the force could lower the energy barrier between the bound and free states ('slip'), or prolong bond lifetimes by deforming the molecules such that they lock more tightly ('catch'). Whereas slip bonds have been widely observed, catch bonds have not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, using atomic force microscopy and flow-chamber experiments, we show that increasing force first prolonged and then shortened the lifetimes of P-selectin complexes with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, revealing both catch and slip bond behaviour. Transitions between catch and slip bonds might explain why leukocyte rolling on selectins first increases and then decreases as wall shear stress increases. This dual response to force provides a mechanism for regulating cell adhesion under conditions of variable mechanical stress.     

Detection of unsymmetrical global tectonic change by using space geodetic data

The global tectonic change deduced from geophysical research was first identified by space geodetic data from VLBI, GPS and SLR measurements. Whether using geodesic rates or using vertical velocities of stations, three kinds of data and their integration give consistent results: within the mid-latitude belt on the Northern Hemisphere there may be about 8–10 mm/a contracting change; within the mid-latitude belt on the Southern Hemisphere there may be about 12–14 mm/a expanding change. This result not only validates the reverse global tectonic change in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres of the Earth, but also gives relatively precise quantative estimations.     

The evidence of Sm-Nd isochron age for the early Paleozoic ophiolite in Mangya area, Altun Mountains

The REE patterns of the basic volcanic rocks in Mangya area, Altun, are slight rich in LREE with (La/Ya)-N=1.69-3.20, (La/Sm)-N=1.37-1.87, other trace element ratios of the rocks are Th/Ta≈1 (for a few samples greater than 1.5), Nb/Y=0.34-0.62, Ti/Y=310-443 (on the average: 381), Ti/V=37-62, Zr/Nb=9.4-12.4, Sr/Rb=12-80 (on the average: 37), and Nb/Th=7.7-16.8. These features are similar to that of E-MORE or OIB. The ε Nd(t) value, being 3.95- 4.12, shows that the source of the volcanic rocks is derived from depleted asthenosphere mantle mixed with materials from enriched mantle. These, together with the information of geological setting and rock assemblages, indicate that the basic volcanic rocks are of ophiolite. The Sm-Nd isotope ages for the eight basic volcanic rock samples construct a straight line with good correlation, and the calculated isochron age is (481.3±53) Ma. Besides, the eight calculated ε Nd(t) and model ages are close to each other, which suggests that they are homologous, so the isochron is not a mixed line. In the meantime, the isochron age ((481.3±53) Ma) is lower than the model ages (T DM=1 004-1 534 Ma) of the samples, suggeting that the isochron age represents the formation age of the basic volcanic rocks and the ophiolite belt in Mangya area, Altun is formed in the early Paleozoic (Cambrian-Ordovician). In spite of the greater uncertainty of the age, it is still reliable because it is consistent with the age constrained by the regional strata.     

Study on peptide-peptide interaction using high-performance affinity chromatography and quartz crystal microbalance biosensor

The specific interaction between sense and antisense peptides was studied by high-performance affinity chromatography （HPAC） and quartz crystal microbalance （QCM） biosensor. Fragment 1-14 of human interferon-β （hlFN-βwas chosen as sense peptide and its three antisense peptides （AS-IFN 1, AS-IFN 2, and AS-IFN 3） were designed according to the degeneracy of genetic codes. The affinity column was prepared with sense peptide as ligand and the affinity chromatographic behavior was evaluated. Glu-substituted antisense peptide （AS-IFN 3） showed the strongest binding to immobilized sense peptide at pH 7.5. A quartz crystal microbalance-flow injection analysis （QCM-FIA） system was introduced to investigate the recognition process in real-time. The equilibrium dissociation constants between sense peptide and AS-IFN 1, AS-IFN 2 and AS-IFN 3 measured 2.08×10^-4, 1.31×10^-4 and 2.22×10^-5 mol/L, respectively. The mechanism study indicated that the specific recognition between sense peptide and AS-IFN 3 was due to sequence-dependent and multi-modal affinity interaction.     

Lawsonite-bearing eclogites in the north Qilian and north Altyn Tagh： Evidence for cold subduction of oceanic crust

Laboratory experiments and thermal models predic that lawsonite-bearing eclogite should be the dominan rock types for typical oceanic subduction zone[1,2] However, eclogite containing unaltered lawsonite is rare in nature and has been described only from …     

Electron field emission from nano-crystalline Si films deposited by inductively coupled plasma CVD at room temperature

ELECTRON FIELD EMISSION IS ONE OF THE INTERESTING PER- FORMANCES OF NANO-SCALE MATERIALS [1-3]. CARBON NANO- TUBES HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE THE MOST FASCINAT- ING MATERIAL OF ELECTRON FIELD EMISSION, BUT THEIR INSTA- BILITY OF EMISSION DUE TO THE AGING EFFECT LIMITS THEIR APPLICATION IN VACUUM ELECTRONICS [4]. SI TIPS HAVE MORE FAVORITE GEOMETRIC FEATURE AND MORE STABLE C…     

A chimaeric receptor allows insulin to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor

The cell surface receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) appear to share a common evolutionary origin, as suggested by structural similarity of cysteine-rich regions in their extracellular domains and a highly conserved tyrosine-specific protein kinase domain. Only minor similarity is found outside this catalytic domain, as expected for receptors that have different ligand specificities and generate different biological signals. The EGF receptor is a single polypeptide chain but the insulin receptor consists of distinct alpha and beta subunits that function as an alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric receptor complex. Provoked by this major structural difference in two receptors that carry out parallel functions, we have designed a chimaeric receptor molecule comprising the extracellular portion of the insulin receptor joined to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the EGF receptor to investigate whether one ligand will activate the tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor for the other ligand. We show here that the EGF receptor kinase domain of the chimaeric protein, expressed transiently in simian cells, is activated by insulin binding. This strongly suggests that insulin and EGF receptors employ closely related or identical mechanisms for signal transduction across the plasma membrane.     

Dynamic control on grain-size distribution of terrigenous sediments in the western South China Sea: Implication for East Asian monsoon evolution

High-resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy of Core MD05-2901, which is located off eastern Vietnam in the western South China Sea （SCS）, was established and indicated that the core spans a time period of the past 450 ka. Based on the bulk density, fractional porosity and lithogenic content of the sediments, terrigenous mass accumulation rate （TMAR） was obtained, which is 4.9-6.0 g cm^-2 ka^-1 on average during interglacial stages, higher than that during glacial stages, i.e. 1.9-5.0 g cm^-2 ka^-1, which is different from northern and southern SCS which show higher TMAR in glacial stages. By principle component analysis of grain size distribution of all the samples, two main control factors （F1 and F2） were obtained, which are responsible for about 80% variance of granularity. The contents of grain size population 1.26-2.66 μm% and 10.8-14.3 μm% which are sensible to F1 show high-frequency fluctuation, and correlate well with the summer insolation at 15^o N. They exhibit a distinct cyclicity with frequencies near 23 ka and 13 ka, in contrast to a strong frequency peak near 100 ka obtained in proxies 4.24-7.42 μm% and 30.1-43.7 μm% controlled mainly by F2. The sedimentary character of this part of the SCS was controlled by variations of input flux from two main source areas, namely the southwest and north SCS, which were transported by different circulations of surface current forced by East Asian summer monsoon and winter monsoon respectively. We believe that the East Asian summer monsoon has fluctuated with high frequency and been forced by changes in solar insolation in low latitude associated with precession and half precession, while ice-volume forcing is probably a primary factor in determining the strength and timing of the East Asian winter monsoon but with less important insolation forcing.     

Polybaric partial melting in the continental mantle: Evidence from mantle xenoliths from Qilin Guangdong Province

The extremely low Ti content (160–245 μg/g) in clinopyroxene in some spinel peridotites from Qilin, South China is indicative of high degree of partial melting, inconsistent with their relatively high clinopyroxene modes (7.4%–12.4%). These clinopyroxenes show fractionated HREE patterns ((Gd/Yb)_n<0.2), suggesting the involvement of garnet in the melting regime. These REE patterns can be modeled as residues of 22%–23% fractional melting from a primitive mantle, first in garnet stability field (12%) then continuing in spinel stability field (10%–11%) after breakdown of garnet to pyroxenes and spinel. Such a polybaric melting suggests the lithospheric thinning and rapid mantle upwelling in south China during the Cenozoic. This is consistent with the dominant MORB-OIB isotopic signature and high thermal gradient of the lithospheric mantle in this region, and supports the contention that the formation of South China Sea basin is related to southward migration of continental lithosphere extension, rather than passive back-arc basin.     

Recombinant sTRAIL induces cell death of tumor cell lines as well as primary cancer cells

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a new member of TNF family. It was reported that TRAIL could induce apoptosis of tumor cells but not normal cells in tissue culture system. To further study the biological activity and potential clinical significance, a recombinant soluble TRAIL (rsTRAIL) has been expressed stably in E. coli after transformation of pET28b vector containing the extracellular domain of TRAIL. The yield of rsTRAIL is approximately as high as 60% of whole bacterial proteins. The rsTRAIL, purified by Ni+ -agarose affinity chromatography, could remarkably trigger apoptosis at the concentrations of 0.1-1 μg/mL in all 7 tumor cell lines tested in vitro. However, this killing activity has not been observed in mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3) as normal control. Further investigation shows that the rsTRAIL could also kill primary tumor cells isolated freshly from patients with cardiac cancer, breast cancer and malignant thymoma, while the normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes are not killed under the same conditions. These results provide new evidence that rsTRAIL could induce apoptosis of tumor cells specifically and it could be a new promising medicine for tumor therapy.     

P-选择素/P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1与骨髓祖细胞胸腺归巢

骨髓衍生的祖细胞归巢入胸腺是T细胞发育必需的过程,因为胸腺不包含具有自我更新能力的造血干细胞,它需要从血液中添补祖细胞,此过程依赖多级细胞粘附分子和趋化因子的衔接.细胞粘附分子选择素和它的配体PSGL-1在淋巴样祖细胞归巢入胸腺的过程中发挥重要作用.综述了选择素/配体PSGL-1的生物学特征及其相互作用对骨髓祖细胞胸腺归巢及胸腺-骨髓反馈环的影响和作用机制.     

Investigation of tribological properties of composite C60-LB films

C60, as the third allotrope of carbon element, has al- ways received much attention from material scientists since it was found by Kroto in 1985. It is endowed with many special characteristics[1-4] due to its symmetrical structure such as photo-induced e…     

Quantum chemical and topological study on the insertion reaction of dichlorcarbene with acetaldehyde

The insertion reaction mechanisms of siglet and striglet CCI2 with CH3CHO have been studied by using the DFT, NBO, CCSD（T） and AIM method. The geometries of reactions, transition state and products were completely optimized by B3LYP/6-31G（d）. All the energy of the species was obtained at the CCSD（T）/6-31G（d,p） level. The calculated results indicated that all the major pathways of the reaction were obtained on the singlet potential energy surface. The singlet CCl2 can not only insert the Cα--H （reaction I） but also can react with Cβ--H （reaction ll）. There are three main existing pathways and the products are P1 （CH3COHCCl2）, P2 （CH2COHCHCl2） and P4[CHCl2CHCHOH] respectively. Reaction II happens more easily according to the energy changes and the barrier in rate-controlling step. In addition, the important geometries in domain pathways have been studied by AIM theory. And also, the energy changes of H in the inserted C--H bond have been investigated.     

Crustal P-wave velocity structure in Lower Yangtze region： Reinterpretation of Fuliji-Fengxian deep seismic sounding profile

A deep seismic sounding profile in this paper, from Fuliji in Anhui Province to Fengxian of Shanghai City, is located at eastern China (Fig. 1). The field work was jointly accomplished by the Chinese Geological and Mineral Bureau, the China Seismological …     

Synthesis and structure of Cu5(BTA)6(TTA)4 · 5DMF, a copper-nitrogen cluster containing η Π3-benzotriazolate

The title cluster compound—Cu₅(BTA)₆(TTA)₄·5DMF was prepared using thenyltrifluoroacetone and benzotriazolate ligands. The crystal structure indicates that a tetrahedral array of Cu(1), Cu(2), Cu(3) and Cu(4) ions surrounding a central Cu(5) ion are held together by bridging tridentate BTA^- and terminated by TTA^- bond cap. The three nitrogen atoms of a BTA^- bond three different copper ions to form a η³-benzotriazolate. The central Cu ion has a distorted octahedral structure and the surrounding Cu ions are 5 coordinated forming distorted tetragonal structures. The distances between the surrounding Cu(Ⅱ) ions and the central Cu(Ⅱ) ion are in the range of 0.3561—0.3755 nm and those between the surrounding Cu(Ⅱ) ions are in the range of 0.5785—0.6301 nm.     

Query Translation on the Fly in Deep Web Integration

To facilitate users to access the desired information, many researches have dedicated to the Deep Web （i.e. Web databases） integration. We focus on query translation which is an important part of the Deep Web integration. Our aim is to construct automatically a set of constraints mapping rules so that the system can translate the query from the integrated interface to the Web database interfaces based on them. We construct a concept hierarchy for the attributes of the query interfaces, especially, store the synonyms and the types （e.g. Number, Text, etc.） for every concept At the same time, we construct the data hierarchies for some concepts if necessary. Then we present an algorithm to generate the constraint mapping rules based on these hierarchies. The approach is suitable for the scalability of such application and can be extended easily from one domain to another for its domain independent feature. The results of experiment show its effectiveness and efficiency.     

North China sub-craton lithospheric structure elucidated through coal mine blasting

We present a super-range seismic observation along the >1300-km-long profile passing through the Yinchuan basin and the Ordos block from the blasting point towards the southeast triggered by a large-(dynamite) scale coal blast in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region’s Helan Mountain (yielded a profile). The seismic wave information from the uppermost mantle reflecting different depths was obtained by the China continental seismic survey. Pn refracted waves from the uppermost mantle were effectively traced up t...     

Theoretical study on the lithium bond interaction of furan homologues C4H4Y （Y=O,S） with LiCH3 via DFT and MP2

The optimizations geometries and interaction energy corrected by BSSE of the complexes between C4H4Y （Y=O, S） and CHiLi have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G^＊＊ and MP2/6-311＋＋G^＊＊ levels. Three complexes were obtained. Abnormally, the calculations showed that all the C10--Li14 bond lengths increased obviously but the blue-shift of C10-Li14 stretching frequency occurred after formed complexes. The calculated binding energy with basis set super-position error （BSSE） and zero-point vibrational energy corrections of complexes I-III is -45.757, -35.700 and -39.107 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. The analyses on the combining interaction with the atom-in-molecules theory （AIM） also showed that a relatively strong lithium bond interaction presented in furan homologues C4H4Y-LiCH3 systems. Natural bond orbital theory （NBO） analysis has been performed, and the results revealed that the complex I is formed with n-σ type lithium bond interaction between C4H40 and LiCH3, complex II is formed with TT-s type lithium bond interaction between C4H4O and LiCH3, and complex III is formed with TT-s and n-s type lithium bond interactions between C4H4S and LiCH3, respectively.