苯乙烯环氧化反应制备氧化苯乙烯的催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来苯乙烯环氧化合成氧化苯乙烯所用催化剂的研究进展,主要包括金属配合物催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂、杂原子取代分子筛催化剂,并对各类催化剂的优缺点进行了评述.认为负载型金属Schiff碱配合物,尤其是Salen型金属配合物催化剂,具有活性较高、与产物易分离和重复使用性能优良等特点,更符合绿色化工的发展趋势,将成为今后制备氧化苯乙烯催化剂的研究重点.     

High-valent organometallic copper and palladium in catalysis

Copper and palladium catalysts are critically important in numerous commercial chemical processes. Improvements in the activity, selectivity and scope of these catalysts could drastically reduce the environmental impact, and increase the sustainability, of chemical reactions. One rapidly developing strategy for achieving these goals is to use 'high-valent' organometallic copper and palladium intermediates in catalysis. Here we describe recent advances involving both the fundamental chemistry and the applications of these high-valent metal complexes in numerous synthetically useful catalytic transformations.     

金原子簇催化应用的研究进展

在最近的10年里,原子精确的金原子簇(AunLm,L为有机配体)已经被证明是一种新型的纳米金催化剂.不同尺寸的AunLm催化剂表现出独特的电子和晶体结构,为关联催化性能和催化剂结构的内在关系及研究纳米金催化的化学反应机制提供了新的研究平台.在这篇综述中,主要介绍金原子簇催化剂在催化反应中的应用,如选择性氧化和加氢,及C—C偶联反应等,同时,也讨论金原子簇催化剂的尺寸效应、配体效应(例如,芳香族vs脂肪族)、杂金属掺杂(如铜、银、钯、铂)等.最后,在原子尺度上研究了金原子簇催化的反应机制以及结构-活性的构建关系.     

金纳米粒子的制备方法及在DNA检测中的应用

综述了金纳米粒子的几种常见制备方法以及这些方法的特点，并归纳为物理法及化学法。前者包括真空蒸镀法、软着陆法及激光消融法；后者又划分为溶胶法、晶种生长法、反胶束法、相转移法及模板法等。不同的方法可获得不同粒径和形状的金纳米粒子，应用时可根据需要选择合适的方法。金纳米粒子特殊的物理及化学性质使其在化学、生物、医学等领域有广泛的用途，尤其在DNA检测中有重要的应用价值。根据方法的特点，DNA检测可分为光学检测法、电化学检测法、压电检测法等。在这些方法中使用金纳米粒子后，检测方法的灵敏度及检测范围有了明显的提高。     

一种方解石化学成分标型方法及其在胶东金银矿中的应用

方解石是金矿中广泛发育的矿物之一,和金矿化关系密切.通过提出一种方解石化学成分标型参数δCa O-δCO2,成功应用于胶东金银矿中.对胶东各金矿和十里铺银矿中成矿期方解石的化学成分特征进行详细研究,结果表明:胶东岩浆热液型金矿及银矿中方解石的化学成分特征存在显著分区特征,金矿方解石的投点位于富CO2区域内,但银矿方解石的投点位于富Ca O区域内,以上金、银矿方解石的化学成分差异源于它们成矿环境的差异.     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters: Considering the optical activity from a viewpoint of ligand dissymmetric field

Chirality is a geometric property of a physical, chemical, or biological object, which is not superimposable on its mirror image. Its significant presence has led to a strong demand in the development of chiral drugs, sensors, catalysts, and photofunctional materials. In recent years, chirality of nanoscale organic/inorganic hybrids has received tremendous attention owing to potential applications in chiral nanotechnology. In particular, with the recent progress in the syntheses and characterizations of atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by achiral thiolates, atomic level origins of their chirality have been unveiled. On the other hand, chirality or optical activity in metal nanoclusters can also be introduced via the surface chiral ligands, which should be universal for the nanosystems. This tutorial review presents some optically-active metal (gold) nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolates or phosphines, and their chiroptical (or circular dichroism; CD) properties are discussed mostly from a viewpoint of the ligand dissymmetric field scheme. The examples are the gold nanoclusters protected by (R)-/(S)-2-phenylpropane-1-thiol, (R)-/(S)-mercaptosuccinic acid, phenylboronate-D/L-fructose complexes, phosphine sulfonate-ephedrinium ion pairs, or glutathione. Some methodologies for versatile asymmetric transformation and chiroptical controls of the nanocluster compounds are also described. In the dissymmetric field model as the origin of optical activity, the chiroptical responses of the gold nanoclusters are strongly associated with coupled oscillator and/or CD stealing mechanisms based on the concept of induced CD (ICD) derived from a perturbation theory, so on this basis, some characteristic features of the observed CD responses of chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are presented in detail. We believe that various kinds of origins of chirality found in ligand-protected gold nanoclusters may provide models for understanding those of many related nanomaterials.     

云南小龙潭煤催化加氢反应的研究

本文用国产的高压差热分析仪评价了五种铁催化剂对云南小龙潭煤加氢反应的催化活性。发现FeS和天然硫铁矿有良好的催化效果,而Fe_2O_3和含Fe_2O_3的工业废渣——太钢转炉飞灰的催化效果不明显。说明铁催化剂只有在以硫化物状态存在时,对煤加氢反应才呈现出较好的催化活性。予硫化后催化剂活性得到提高的事实进一步证明了这一结论。根据Freeman-Carrol法计算了Fe_2O_3、FeS太钢转炉飞灰、予硫化后的太铁转炉飞灰作催化剂时小龙潭煤加氢反应的动力学参数。同时用Speil公式计算了这些反应的热效应,建立了热效应与DTA峰前温度和峰后温度下反应产物中组分变化之间的关系。     

Tunable gold catalysts for selective hydrocarbon oxidation under mild conditions

Oxidation is an important method for the synthesis of chemical intermediates in the manufacture of high-tonnage commodities, high-value fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals: but oxidations are often inefficient. The introduction of catalytic systems using oxygen from air is preferred for 'green' processing. Gold catalysis is now showing potential in selective redox processes, particularly for alcohol oxidation and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. However, a major challenge that persists is the synthesis of an epoxide by the direct electrophilic addition of oxygen to an alkene. Although ethene is epoxidized efficiently using molecular oxygen with silver catalysts in a large-scale industrial process, this is unique because higher alkenes can only be effectively epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides or stoichiometric oxygen donors. Here we show that nanocrystalline gold catalysts can provide tunable active catalysts for the oxidation of alkenes using air, with exceptionally high selectivity to partial oxidation products ( approximately 98%) and significant conversions. Our finding significantly extends the discovery by Haruta that nanocrystalline gold can epoxidize alkenes when hydrogen is used to activate the molecular oxygen; in our case, no sacrificial reductant is needed. We anticipate that our finding will initiate attempts to understand more fully the mechanism of oxygen activation at gold surfaces, which might lead to commercial exploitation of the high redox activity of gold nanocrystals.     

双分子Salen金属催化剂的研究进展

双分子Salen金属配合物通过双金属活性中心的协同作用能够有效地催化多种化学反应.双金属催化剂拥有2个金属催化中心,可以同时对底物进行活化,从而加快反应速度和提高反应选择性.某些情况下,有些不能发生的新反应通过这种策略也能很好地反应.对双分子Salen金属催化剂的设计原理、最有效的合成方法作了归纳总结,并讨论了其在催化方面的应用.     

超酸及其应用

目前已制备的超酸种类繁多，它具有极强的酸性和高介电常数，在化学合成工业中是一种良好的催化剂。这种催化剂能使难以进行的反应，在温和条件下，可使非电解质转变成电解质，弱碱质子化，能制备烷烃正离子，卤素阳离子及其稳定晶体盐。因此，对超酸的讨论，不仅促进科研，而且对无机化学教学也注入新的活力。     

Three-dimensional atomic-scale structure of size-selected gold nanoclusters

An unambiguous determination of the three-dimensional structure of nanoparticles is challenging. Electron tomography requires a series of images taken for many different specimen orientations. This approach is ideal for stable and stationary structures. But ultrasmall nanoparticles are intrinsically structurally unstable and may interact with the incident electron beam, constraining the electron beam density that can be used and the duration of the observation. Here we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, coupled with simple imaging simulation, to determine with atomic resolution the size, three-dimensional shape, orientation and atomic arrangement of size-selected gold nanoclusters that are preformed in the gas phase and soft-landed on an amorphous carbon substrate. The structures of gold nanoclusters containing 3096 atoms can be identified with either Ino-decahedral, cuboctahedral or icosahedral geometries. Comparison with theoretical modelling of the system suggests that the structures are consistent with energetic considerations. The discovery that nanoscale gold particles function as active and selective catalysts for a variety of important chemical reactions has provoked much research interest in recent years. We believe that the detailed structure information we provide will help to unravel the role of these nanoclusters in size- and structure-specific catalytic reactions. We note that the technique will be of use in investigations of other supported ultrasmall metal cluster systems.     

准噶尔北缘典型金矿床的稀土元素地球化学特征

准噶尔北缘存在浅成低温热液型金矿床、韧性剪切带蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床及浅成岩-构造蚀变岩型金矿床等主要矿化类型．通过分析比较这些主要矿化类型金矿的REE资料,建立了各典型金矿床的REE配分模式,探讨了各矿化类型金矿床之间的REE地球化学行为差异及其与成矿的关系．结果表明,就成矿作用而言,浅成岩-构造蚀变岩型金矿床比较简单,韧性剪切带蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床较复杂,浅成低温热液型金矿最复杂．     

Selective oxidation with dioxygen by gold nanoparticle catalysts derived from 55-atom clusters

Supported gold nanoparticles have excited much interest owing to their unusual and somewhat unexpected catalytic properties, but the origin of the catalytic activity is still not fully understood. Experimental work on gold particles supported on a titanium dioxide (110) single-crystal surface has established a striking size threshold effect associated with a metal-to-insulator transition, with gold particles catalytically active only if their diameters fall below approximately 3.5 nm. However, the remarkable catalytic behaviour might also in part arise from strong electronic interaction between the gold and the titanium dioxide support. In the case of industrially important selective oxidation reactions, explanation of the effectiveness of gold nanoparticle catalysts is complicated by the need for additives to drive the reaction, and/or the presence of strong support interactions and incomplete understanding of their possible catalytic role. Here we show that very small gold entities ( approximately 1.4 nm) derived from 55-atom gold clusters and supported on inert materials are efficient and robust catalysts for the selective oxidation of styrene by dioxygen. We find a sharp size threshold in catalytic activity, in that particles with diameters of approximately 2 nm and above are completely inactive. Our observations suggest that catalytic activity arises from the altered electronic structure intrinsic to small gold nanoparticles, and that the use of 55-atom gold clusters may prove a viable route to the synthesis of robust gold catalysts suited to practical application.     

Advances in the synthesis and reactivity of 2-pyranylidene carbene complexes

Pyranylidene carbene complexes bearing a pyran ring carbene ligand represent a unique kind of organometallic species due to their special structures and reactivity. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary on the synthesis and reactivity of pyranylidene carbene complexes during the past four decades.     

负载型Au/Al2O3系列催化剂的研究进展

负载型金催化剂作为一种新型催化剂,它优异的催化氧化性能引起越来越多化学工作者的关注.Au/Al₂O₃是催化剂制备中大量使用的典型氧化物载体.综述了近年来以Au/Al₂O₃为载体的系列Au/Al₂O₃催化剂的制备方法、催化性能及其活性中心结构的研究状况和发展趋势,讨论的主要反应包括CO低温催化氧化为CO₂、汽车尾气净化、含卤有机化合物的消除和甲烷催化燃烧.     

铁基氧电极催化剂研究进展

燃料电池是一种通过化学反应将燃料所具有的化学能直接转化为电能的装置,因具有系统结构简单、启动快速、寿命长、功率密度和能量密度高等优点而备受关注。但是,燃料电池的氧还原反应动力学过程缓慢,需要高效的催化剂以提高整个体系的运行效率。目前,性能最好、使用最广泛的燃料电池催化剂是铂基催化剂。但铂价格极其昂贵,无法支持大规模商业化应用,此外,铂催化剂易中毒和稳定性差等问题也无法完全解决。近年来的研究表明,铁基催化剂具有良好的氧还原反应催化性能,最有希望替代铂基催化剂。基于此,对近年来各类非贵金属铁基催化剂进行了综述,并在此基础上阐述了各类催化剂目前尚待解决的问题和发展方向。     

Enantioselective silyl protection of alcohols catalysed by an amino-acid-based small molecule

Reliable, selective and environmentally friendly chemical transformations are crucial to the development of new therapeutics and the design of novel materials. Chiral catalysts that can be easily prepared and used to obtain organic molecules of high enantiomeric purity are critical to modern chemical synthesis. The development of protecting groups that shield reactive functionalities has also proved indispensable in the preparation of complex biologically active molecules. Here we present a chiral catalyst that promotes the enantioselective protection of a secondary alcohol as one of the most commonly used protected forms of an alcohol: a silyl ether. The catalyst is a small, simple molecule that can be prepared in three steps from commercial materials without the need for rigorously controlled conditions. Enantioselective silylations are performed with commercial silyl chlorides and produce yields of up to 96 per cent at an enantiomeric ratio of up to 98:2. Chiral catalysts for selective formation of commonly used protecting groups such as silyl ethers should significantly enhance the ability of chemical synthesis to deliver, in a more practical and efficient manner, important organic molecules.     

Towards uranium catalysts

The forefront of research into the complexes of uranium reveals chemical transformations that challenge and expand our view of this unique element. Certain ligands form multiple bonds to uranium, and small, inert molecules such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide become reactive when in complex with the metal. Such complexes provide clues to the catalytic future of uranium, in which the applications of the element extend far beyond the nuclear industry. Most excitingly, the ability of uranium to use its outermost f electrons for binding ligands might enable the element to catalyse reactions that are impossible with conventional, transition-metal catalysts.     

丁二酮肟-氧化剂型无毒浸金剂的浸出性能研究

用分子设计理论提出了一类新型浸金剂 ,它由丁二酮肟和某种氧化剂构成 ,具有无毒害和化学稳定性好的特点 ,实验结果表明 :1)丁二酮肟能与许多氧化剂尤其是高锰酸钾组合成高效浸金剂 ;2 )在丁二酮肟 -高锰酸钾浸出体系中 ,适宜的Ox/Lig(氧化剂与金络剂分子比 )比值范围为 0 .2 5～ 0 .50 ,最佳范围为 0 .30～0 .4 0 ;3)丁二酮肟 -高锰酸钾浸出体系的操作pH范围为 8～ 10 ;4 )与氰化物相比 ,丁二酮肟的浸出率与它相当但浸出速度明显快很多 ;5)从含丁二酮肟的浸出贵液中回收金既可采用炭吸附法也可采用锌置换法 图1,表 5,参 9