Seismic evidence for catastrophic slab loss beneath Kamchatka

In the northwest Pacific Ocean, a sharp corner in the boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate joins a subduction zone running along the southern half of the Kamchatka peninsula with a region of transcurrent motion along the western Aleutian arc. Here we present images of the seismic structure beneath the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction and the surrounding region, indicating that: the subducting Pacific lithosphere terminates at the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction; no relict slab underlies the extinct northern Kamchatka volcanic arc; and the upper mantle beneath northern Kamchatka has unusually slow shear wavespeeds. From the tectonic and volcanic evolution of Kamchatka over the past 10 Myr (refs 3-5) we infer that at least two episodes of catastrophic slab loss have occurred. About 5 to 10 Myr ago, catastrophic slab loss shut down island-arc volcanic activity north of the Aleutian-Kamchatka junction. A later episode of slab loss, since about 2 Myr ago, seems to be related to the activity of the world's most productive island-arc volcano, Klyuchevskoy. Removal of lithospheric mantle is commonly discussed in the context of a continental collision, but our findings imply that episodes of slab detachment and loss are also important agents in the evolution of oceanic convergent margins.     

矩形薄板的混沌运动研究

研究了气流和面外激励共同作用下四边完全简支的矩形薄板的混沌运动行为。考虑几何大变形理论,利用Hamilton变分原理,建立了气流作用下矩形薄板的非线性振动偏微分方程;并将偏微分方程离散为常微分方程。运用线性势理论,得到了气流的气动力。用梅尔尼科夫方法得到了混沌运动存在的必要条件;数值模拟给出了振动系统的分叉图、相图和庞加莱截面,验证了必要条件的正确性。研究结果表明,随着来流速度的增加,矩形薄板会发生不稳定振动,出现混沌运动。     

Geochemical evidence for the melting of subducting oceanic lithosphere at plate edges

Most island-arc magmatism appears to result from the lowering of the melting point of peridotite within the wedge of mantle above subducting slabs owing to the introduction of fluids from the dehydration of subducting oceanic crust. Volcanic rocks interpreted to contain a component of melt (not just a fluid) from the subducting slab itself are uncommon, but possible examples have been recognized in the Aleutian islands, Baja California, Patagonia and elsewhere. The geochemically distinctive rocks from these areas, termed 'adakites, are often associated with subducting plates that are young and warm, and therefore thought to be more prone to melting. But the subducting lithosphere in some adakite locations (such as the Aleutian islands) appears to be too old and hence too cold to melt. This implies either that our interpretation of adakite geochemistry is incorrect, or that our understanding of the tectonic context of adakites is incomplete. Here we present geochemical data from the Kamchatka peninsula and the Aleutian islands that reaffirms the slab-melt interpretation of adakites, but in the tectonic context of the exposure to mantle flow around the edge of a torn subducting plate. We conclude that adakites are likely to form whenever the edge of a subducting plate is warmed or ablated by mantle flow. The use of adakites as tracers for such plate geometry may improve our understanding of magma genesis and thermal structure in a variety of subduction-zone environments.     

Hysteresis in the perception of motion direction as evidence for neural cooperativity

When elements of a parallel network, such as the human brain, are extensively interconnected, the network can exhibit 'cooperative behaviour'. Such behaviour, which is characterized by order-disorder transitions, multi-stable states, and a form of memory called 'hysteresis', has been observed in human stereopsis and has motivated models of stereopsis that incorporate cooperative networks. More recently, cooperative phenomena have also been observed in human visual motion perception. This report strongly supports a cooperative interpretation of motion perception by demonstrating hysteresis in the perception of motion direction. The results agree quantitatively with a mathematical model incorporating nonlinear excitatory and inhibitory interactions among direction-selective elements.     

基于ADINA的焊接箍筋钢板连梁抗震性能研究

为了利用有限元软件ADINA建立了焊接箍筋钢板—混凝土组合连梁数值计算模型,分别对嵌有8 mm,10 mm和12 mm钢板厚度的钢筋混凝土—钢板组合连梁的抗震性能进行计算分析。结果表明了连梁内的钢板厚度即含钢率对钢板—混凝土连梁的抗震性能具有显著的影响。连梁的抗震性能随着钢板含钢率的增大而改善。如果钢板厚度过小会导致连梁在地震时的延性和耗能性能不足;但若厚度过大会造成增大成本及施工难度增大等问题。为此,需要一个相对理想厚度的钢板,使钢板—混凝土连梁的抗震性能达到最优。     

Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous

The main groups of living mammals, marsupials and eutherians, are presumed to have diverged in the Early Cretaceous, but their early history and biogeography are poorly understood. Dental remains have suggested that the eutherians may have originated in Asia, spreading to North America in the Late Cretaceous, where an endemic radiation of marsupials was already well underway. Here I describe a new tribosphenic mammal (a mammal with lower molar heels that are three-cusped and basined) from the Early Cretaceous of North America, based on an unusually complete specimen. The new taxon bears characteristics (molarized last premolar, reduction to three molars) otherwise known only for Eutheria among the tribosphenic mammals. Morphometric analysis and character comparisons show, however, that its molar structure is primitive (and thus phylogenetically uninformative), emphasizing the need for caution in interpretation of isolated teeth. The new mammal is approximately contemporaneous with the oldest known Eutheria from Asia. If it is a eutherian, as is indicated by the available evidence, then this group was far more widely distributed in the Early Cretaceous than previously appreciated. An early presence of Eutheria in North America offers a potential source for the continent's Late Cretaceous radiations, which have, in part, proven difficult to relate to contemporary taxa in Asia.     

PEC柱型钢梁端板连接框架抗震性能研究

为了研究焊接H型钢部分包裹混凝土柱-型钢梁端板连接框架骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力等抗震性能,设计3榀框架试件在低周往复荷载作用下进行试验。试件参数是端板厚度和柱翼缘厚度。通过试验,研究讨论了改变端板厚度和柱翼缘厚度对框架抗震性能的影响:分析了试件的骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力抗震性能指标。试验结果表明:柱翼缘厚度从12 mm增加到16 mm,框架节点初始刚度增加39.95%,端板厚度从12 mm增加到20 mm,初始刚度增幅11.76%;增加端板厚和柱翼缘厚可提高框架初始刚度;3榀框架试件的延性系数在4.41~5.38之间,说明PEC柱与型钢梁端板连接框架具有良好的抗震性能;增加端板厚度和柱翼缘厚度可以增加框架结构塑性性能。     

郯庐断裂带同造山期活动的前陆沉积证据

对大别山高压-超高压变质岩剥露地表的时间以及前陆盆地对郯庐断裂带起源的指示等重要问题进行了探讨。前陆盆地上三叠统至下-中侏罗统砂岩的端元组分分析结果指示了前陆盆地的物源区为大别造山带。砂岩成熟度从近断裂带处的1.54左右变化为远离断裂带处的5.4左右,反映了前陆沉积盆地中黄马青群及象山群应是直接来自大别造山带的原地沉积,也说明郯庐断裂带在晚三叠世时可能已经存在于大别山东缘。伊利石的结晶度多数介于0.24°~0.39°(Δ2θ),多型为2M型和1M 2M1型,指示了当时前陆沉积的热演化温度为190~320℃,从而反映了前陆沉积的最大原始埋深约为10 000 m。     

新型平板夯实机及其运载机构的设计研究

新型平板夯实机运动机构的运动力学模型,从中推导出最简单的工程计算模型。提出了一种方便实用的进行夯机移动转场的方法．     

Destruction geodynamics of the North China craton and its Paleoproterozoic plate tectonics

Much attention has been paid in the last two decades to the physical and chemical processes as well as temporal-spatial variations of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. In order to provide insights into the geodynamics of this variation, it is necessary to thoroughly study the state and structure of the lithospheric crust and mantle of the North China Craton and its adjacent regions as an integrated unit. Based on the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle constrained from seismological studies, this paper presents various available geophysical results regarding the lithosphere thickness, the nature of crust-mantle boundary, the upper mantle structure and deformation characteristics as well as their tectonic features and evolution systematics. Combined with the obtained data from petrology and geochemistry, a mantle flow model is proposed for the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. We suggest that subduction of the Pacific plate made the mantle underneath the eastern Asian continent unstable and able to flow faster. Such a regional mantle flow system would cause an elevation of melt/fluid content in the upper mantle of the North China Craton and the lithospheric softening, which, subsequently resulted in destruction of the North China Craton in different ways of delamination and thermal erosion in Yanshan, Taihang Mountains and the Tan-Lu Fault zone. Multiple lines of evidence recorded in the crust of the North China Craton, such as the amalgamation of the Archean eastern and western blocks, the subduction of Paleo-oceanic crust and Paleo-continental residue, indicate that the Earth in the Paleoproterozoic had already evolved into the plate tectonic system similar to the present plate tectonics.     

国外北美印第安人萨满教研究述评

目前,国际学术界普遍认同的萨满教研究的起点为欧洲民族学者于17世纪下半叶对西伯利亚地区萨满教所进行的调查和研究。随着萨满教研究向纵深展开,来自世界各地的民族志材料证明萨满教是一种普遍存在的宗教现象,并不局限于西伯利亚。居于北美的土著民族亦有着古老的萨满教传统,且积淀丰厚,与西伯利亚地区典型的萨满教既有相似之处也存在显著差别,丰富了萨满教的研究对象且扩大了其研究范围。就学界对北美萨满教的研究情况来看,国内国外差距明显,少有中国学者涉足这一领域,而来自美国、加拿大、法国和瑞典等国学者都进行过相关研究并取得了丰硕的成果。     

关于北美大学实践教育体系的研究与思考

介绍北美的大学实践教育体系,重点论述了他们在对学生的工程应用和实践能力培养方面的力度和方法,提出了今后我们的大学教育也应从各个方面入手,加强对学生工程实践能力和创新能力的培养.     

Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion

The fragmentation of Pangaea as a consequence of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean is documented in the Alpine-Mediterranean region by the onset of widespread pelagic sedimentation. Shallow-water sediments were replaced by mainly pelagic limestones in the Early Jurassic period, radiolarian cherts in the Middle-Late Jurassic period, and again pelagic limestones in the Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. During initial extension, basin subsidence below the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is thought to have triggered the transition from Early Jurassic limestones to Middle-Late Jurassic radiolarites. It has been proposed that the transition from radiolarites to limestones in the Late Jurassic period was due to an increase in calcareous nannoplankton abundance when the CCD was depressed below the ocean floor. But in modern oceans, sediments below the CCD are not necessarily radiolaritic. Here we present palaeomagnetic samples from the Jurassic-Cretaceous pelagic succession exposed in the Lombardian basin, Italy. On the basis of an analysis of our palaeolatitudinal data in a broader palaeogeographic context, we propose an alternative explanation for the above facies tripartition. We suggest that the Lombardian basin drifted initially towards, and subsequently away from, a near-equatorial upwelling zone of high biosiliceous productivity. Our tectonic model for the genesis of radiolarites adds an essential horizontal plate motion component to explanations involving only vertical variations of CCD relative to the ocean floor. It may explain the deposition of radiolarites throughout the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern region during the Jurassic period.     

具有初挠度的受热双层金属圆板的混沌运动

考虑几何非线性和均匀静态温度的影响,研究了具有初挠度的双层金属薄板在周期时变横向载荷作用下的混沌运动。采用Galerkin法得到含二次和三次非线性项的动力学方程,利用Melnikov函数法,从理论上给出系统发生混沌运动的临界条件。借助于计算机代数系统Maple进行定量搜索与模拟,并利用Poincaré映射和相平面轨迹以及时程曲线加以判断。结果表明,受热双层板在强迫振动时存在复杂的混沌运动。     

North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles

The onset of major glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere about 2.7 million years ago was most probably induced by climate cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. These glaciations, during which the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets successively expanded and retreated, are superimposed on this long-term climate trend, and have been linked to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters. One intriguing problem associated with orbitally driven glacial cycles is the transition from 41,000-year to 100,000-year climatic cycles that occurred without an apparent change in insolation forcing. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the transition, both including and excluding ice-sheet dynamics. Difficulties in finding a conclusive answer to this palaeoclimatic problem are related to the lack of sufficiently long records of ice-sheet volume or sea level. Here we use a comprehensive ice-sheet model and a simple ocean-temperature model to extract three-million-year mutually consistent records of surface air temperature, ice volume and sea level from marine benthic oxygen isotopes. Although these records and their relative phasings are subject to considerable uncertainty owing to limited availability of palaeoclimate constraints, the results suggest that the gradual emergence of the 100,000-year cycles can be attributed to the increased ability of the merged North American ice sheets to survive insolation maxima and reach continental-scale size. The oversized, wet-based ice sheet probably responded to the subsequent insolation maximum by rapid thinning through increased basal-sliding, thereby initiating a glacial termination. Based on our assessment of the temporal changes in air temperature and ice volume during individual glacials, we demonstrate the importance of ice dynamics and ice-climate interactions in establishing the 100,000-year glacial cycles, with enhanced North American ice-sheet growth and the subsequent merging of the ice sheets being key elements.     

欧美足球职业联盟组织模式探析

运用文献资料法、归纳法和分析法等研究方法,对欧美足球职业联盟的主要组织模式进行梳理。分析认为,足球职业联盟作为一种联合契约组织,在保持高度垄断、竞争和合作等特征基础上,强调联盟产品生产的非它性、获取利润的不均衡性和产品经营的广泛性,最终是以维护联盟稳定和实现利益最大化为根本目标,这对我国职业足球实现自治联盟和俱乐部规范化建设有一定的借鉴意义。     

独塔部分斜拉桥顺桥向地面运动作用下的易损性分析

以墩塔梁固结的独塔预应力混凝土部分斜拉桥为对象,采用动力增量法和数据统计分析研究该类桥梁的地震易损性,确定顺桥向地面运动作用下结构构件的易损部位及损伤破坏概率.采用理论易损性分析方法,选取地面峰值加速度作为地震输入强度指标,并以放大系数为基础选取地震输入;以位移延性比、强度与变形、相对位移、索力为指标分别定义了各构件的损伤状态;根据各构件的损伤概率,拟合建立了各构件及全桥的易损性曲线.结果表明,在顺桥向地面运动作用下,中墩和支座为最易损构件;边墩、主梁均会发生不同程度的损伤;斜拉索、桥塔、桩基安全储备较高.     

^226Ra evidence for the ecosystem shift over the past 40 years in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Surface seawater was collected for ~(226)Ra measurement in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre from July to October, 1999 and October to December, 2003. Combined with the historical data reported for this sea area, a declined trend of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations was observed since 1960s, indicating the ecosystem shift in response to global warming. On one side, the enhanced stratification of the upper water column resulting from global warming reduced the ~(226)Ra input from the depth, on the other, the temporal increase of biological production resulting from the climate-related ecosystem structure change strengthened the ~(226)Ra removal from the surface ocean. Both the physical and biological processes resulted in the decrease of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The temporal trend of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations was consistent with the trends of chlorophyll a, silicate, phosphate and primary production previously reported. This study provided ~(226)Ra evidence for the ecosystem shift under global change.