维甲酸纳米颗粒混悬剂的制备及表征

采用溶剂分散法制备了不同药物质量浓度的维甲酸纳米颗粒混悬剂,并对其进行了冷冻干燥;采用光子相关谱(PCS)测定了冷冻干燥前后混悬剂中纳米粒子的平均粒径;透射电镜(TEM)观察其微观形貌;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对不同时间混悬剂中全反式维甲酸的质量浓度进行定量测定．结果表明,混悬剂中维甲酸纳米粒子(RA-NP)的粒径保持在200～400nm之间,大都为完整的球形;与维甲酸硅油10～15mg／L的药物质量浓度相比,纳米颗粒混悬剂中有效药物的质量浓度可显著提高至35mg／L;药物降解速度得到明显降低,4周之内能维持抑制细胞增殖的有效药物质量浓度．维甲酸纳米颗粒混悬剂有望成为一种新型的增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)治疗用药物载体．     

A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors

A cDNA encoding a protein that binds retinoic acid with high affinity has been cloned. The protein is homologous to the receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and vitamin D3, and appears to be a retinoic acid-inducible trans-acting enhancer factor, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms of the effect of retinoids (vitamin A) on embryonic development, differentiation and tumour cell growth are similar to those described for other members of this nuclear receptor family.     

人参皂甙Rh2和桦木酸协同诱导A549细胞凋亡的研究

我们已经发现,天然成分人参皂甙Rh2(G-Rh2)和桦木酸(Bet A)能够协同作用诱导人源肺癌A549细胞死亡.通过细胞形态观察、流式细胞检测分析、酶活性测定、免疫印记分析等实验技术,从细胞和分子水平提供证据,证明了G-Rh2和Bet A协同诱导A549细胞死亡的过程为细胞凋亡作用,且涉及线粒体途径.     

视黄酸衍生物HX600c的合成改进

以苯和2,5二甲基-2,5-己二醇为起始原料,经付-克烷化、碘代、Ullmann反应、烷基化、还原、环合、水解等步骤得目标化合物视黄酸衍生物HX600c.目标化合物经过核磁共振氢谱,质谱等确证.该合成方法避免了异构体的产生,原料廉价易得.     

Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences.

The signals that determine body part identity in vertebrate embryos are largely unknown, with some exceptions such as those for teeth and digits. The vertebrate face is derived from small buds of tissue, facial prominences, that surround the embryonic oral cavity. In chicken embryos, the skeleton of the upper beak is derived from the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Here we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid (RA), are used to specify the identity of the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Implanting two beads adjacent to the stage-15 presumptive maxillary field, one soaked in the Bmp antagonist Noggin and one soaked in RA, induces a duplicate set of frontonasal mass skeletal elements in place of maxillary bones. We also show that the duplicated beak is due to transformation of the maxillary prominence into a second frontonasal mass and not due to ectopic migration of cells or splitting of the normal frontonasal mass. Thus the levels of Bmp and RA determine whether specific regions of the face form maxillary or frontonasal mass derivatives.     

益生菌制剂对虹鳟血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响

本文研究了饲料中添加益生菌制剂(丁酸梭菌、凝结芽孢杆菌)对虹鳟血清生化指标、非特异性免疫功能以及抗病力的影响,结果表明：不同单一益生菌制剂、复合益生菌制剂均能提高虹鳟血清总蛋白及葡萄糖含量(P0.05),降低胆固醇、甘油三酯含量(P0.05);复合益生菌制剂可显著提高虹鳟血清ACP、T-AOC、CAT、SOD活性,降低MDA含量,且凝结芽孢杆菌T2比丁酸梭菌T1效果好(P0.05);复合益生菌制剂显著提高了虹鳟血清补体C3含量,间接提高机体非特异性免疫功能;益生菌制剂提高了虹鳟机体的抗病力,其中复合益生菌制剂组累积死亡率最低(23.1%,P0.05),免疫保护率最高（66.6%,P0.05). 综上所述,丁酸梭菌和凝结芽孢杆菌均对虹鳟机体免疫功能具有促进作用.     

Selective inhibition of the anchorage-independent growth of myc-transfected fibroblasts by retinoic acid

Fischer rat 3T3 (FR3T3) fibroblasts transfected with a cellular myc gene can be induced to grow and form colonies in soft agar by treatment either with epidermal growth factor (EGF) alone or with the combination of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and type-beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). We now show that induction of anchorage-independent growth by each of these sets of growth factors involves different cellular pathways which can be distinguished by their sensitivity to retinoic acid. Colony formation induced by the combined action of PDGF and TGF-beta is 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by retinoic acid than is colony formation induced by treatment of the myc-transfected cells with EGF. Moreover, retinoic acid (10(-8) M) is inhibitory for colony growth whenever TGF-beta is present, regardless of whether the effects of TGF-beta are stimulatory, as occurs in the presence of PDGF, or inhibitory, as found in the presence of EGF.     

Spatial and temporal expression of the retinoic acid receptor in the regenerating amphibian limb

Retinoic acid is known to have dramatic effects on vertebrate limb pattern in development and regeneration, supporting a model in which a gradient of retinoic acid serves as a morphogen to differentially supply positional information to a developing limb. The discovery of a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and its homology to the steroid and thyroid hormone receptors provided a potential molecular mechanism for limb morphogenesis. One prediction of this model is that the receptor must be expressed in the developing and regenerating limb anlage. We investigated the expression of the RAR in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, whose amputated limbs are capable of regenerating and upon which retinoic acid can act to alter pattern. We report the cloning of cDNAs encoding a functional newt RAR and the localization of high and uniform levels of RAR mRNA specifically in the regenerating cells that control limb pattern. These results indicate that the morphogenic field is established through differential activation of pre-existing retinoic acid receptors rather than differential expression of the RAR gene.     

Induction of cranial and posterior trunk neural crest by exogenous retinoic acid in zebrafish

Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in development of vertebrate embryos. We demonstrate impacts of exogenous RA on the formation of neural crest cells in zebrafish using specific neural crest markers sox9b and crestin. Treatment with all -trans RA at 10₋₇ mmol/L at 50% epiboly induces sox9b expression in the forebrain and crestin expression in the forebrain and midbrain, resulting in significant increase of pigment cells in the head derived from the cranial neural crest. In addition, RA treatment induces expression of sox9b and crestin in the caudal marginal cells of the neuroectoderm during early segmentation. Earlier commitment of these cells to the neural crest fate in the posterior margins leads to abnormal development of the posterior body, probably by preventing mingling of ventral derived and dorsal-derived cells during the formation of the tailbud.     

Evidence that Hensen's node is a site of retinoic acid synthesis.

Hensen's node of amniotes, like the Spemann organizer of amphibians, can induce a second body axis when grafted into a host embryo. The avian node, as well as several midline structures originating from it (notochord, floor plate), can also induce digit pattern duplications when grafted into the chick wing bud. We report here that the equivalent of Hensen's node from mouse is an effective inducer of digits in the chick wing bud. Tissues anterior and posterior to the node also evoke pattern duplications, but with a significantly lower efficiency. The finding that the murine node operates in an avian wing bud suggests that the same inducing agent(s) function in both primary and secondary embryonic fields and have been conserved during vertebrate evolution. Digit pattern duplications are also evoked by local administration of all-trans-retinoic acid. This similarity raises the possibility that Hensen's node is a source of retinoic acid. The mouse node is capable of synthesizing retinoic acid from its biosynthetic precursor all-trans-retinol at a substantially higher rate than either anterior or posterior tissues.     

兔IL-15蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达及其免疫学活性

用特异性引物扩增出兔IL-15基因片段,用KpnI和NotI双酶切后将其定向克隆到pPICZαA中,构建出重组质粒pPICZαAIL-15。将pPICZαAIL-15用SacI内切酶线性化后,电转化感受态GS115酵母细胞,用PCR法筛选阳性重组子。用1.5%的甲醇诱导重组酵母菌,取培养物上清进行重组蛋白的检测。结果SDS-PAGE电泳可在重组酵母菌培养物上清中检测到分子量为18.6kDa大小的重组蛋白。凝胶薄层扫描分析表明,3株重组酵母菌在1.5%甲醇诱导144h后,重组IL-15表达量约占培养物上清总蛋白量的6.1%~8.6%。将重组IL-15用Ni离子亲和层析纯化后,在MTT试验中表现出明显的促进淋巴细胞的增殖反应,证实表达的重组IL-15具有天然蛋白的免疫学活性。     

Identification of a novel retinoic acid receptor in regenerative tissues of the newt

In urodele amphibians, the progenitor cells that regenerate amputated limbs (known as the blastema) normally replace only the missing structures. After systemic delivery of retinoic acid (RA), more proximal structures are also formed, indicating that RA can control position specification in the proximal-distal axis of the regenerating limb. According to dose and experimental context, retinoids can also re-specify the anteroposterior axis of the limb, induce deletions of skeletal elements, or block re-growth completely. To study the molecular basis of these morphogenetic effects, we screened complementary DNA libraries of newt regenerative tissues (limbs and tails) for hormone nuclear receptors activated by RA. Two functional retinoic acid receptors (RARs) were identified, one of which is the newt homologue of the human alpha-receptor (RAR alpha). The second receptor, called RAR delta, is novel. Sequence analysis suggests that the composite newt RAR previously reported is chimaeric, consisting of 5'RAR-beta-like and 3' RAR delta clones. We conclude that multiple RARs are expressed during limb regeneration in amphibians and suggest that receptor heterogeneity may underlie the different effects of retinoids on limb morphogenesis.