全基因组测序技术研究及其在木本植物中的应用

基因组序列是开展遗传研究重要的信息基础,随着测序技术飞速发展至第3代长片段测序方法,测序读长历经从几十到数万个碱基的提升,对进一步提升基因组组装的完整度以及准确性提供了极大的裨益。现已完成了大量植物种全基因组测序工作,其中木本植物有40多个,还有更多树种的全基因组测序正在进行之中。针对各类测序技术的基因组组装及后续分析,研究人员也开发了大量的生物信息学工具。笔者从测序技术、基因组装技术和全基因组测序生物信息学分析等方面,罗列了目前已完成全基因组测序的木本植物,介绍了全基因组测序技术的发展与应用,以及适用于第3代数据基因组组装的生物学分析软件,为林木基因组研究者提供一定的借鉴。     

动物线粒体基因组全序列测定的研究策略

动物线粒体基因组全序列测定是近年来生物学研究中的一个热点。科学技术的发展,对动物线粒体基因组全序列测定的研究策略也产生了深远的影响。在此对几种在动物线粒体基因组全序列测定中常用的几种策略进行了综述,并对其优缺点进行了比较分析。     

Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors

The proliferation of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects in recent years has driven a search for alternative methods to reduce time and cost. Here we describe a scalable, highly parallel sequencing system with raw throughput significantly greater than that of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis instruments. The apparatus uses a novel fibre-optic slide of individual wells and is able to sequence 25 million bases, at 99% or better accuracy, in one four-hour run. To achieve an approximately 100-fold increase in throughput over current Sanger sequencing technology, we have developed an emulsion method for DNA amplification and an instrument for sequencing by synthesis using a pyrosequencing protocol optimized for solid support and picolitre-scale volumes. Here we show the utility, throughput, accuracy and robustness of this system by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome with 96% coverage at 99.96% accuracy in one run of the machine.     

利用人类全基因组二代测序数据比较BWA-MEM 和 NovoAlign

随着测序技术的发展,二代测序数据越来越多,将测序数据准确地比对到参考基因组是后续研究的基础．BWA-MEM和NovoAlign作为2个最常用的DNA序列比对软件,还没有评估其在基因组中不同结构区域的表现．本研究基于真实和模拟数据,对2个软件在人类基因组的低复杂度、片段性重复和其他区域进行了评估．结果显示:BWA-MEM将尽可能多的测序数据比对到基因组,且在低复杂度和片段性重复区域存在过度比对的现象,特别是在片段性重复区域的比对品质较低;而NovoAlign比对到基因组的序列数量低于BWA-MEM,但在片段性重复区域的比对品质较优,因此对于存在较多片段性重复区域的基因组来说,使用NovoAlign比对是一种更好的策略．      

黄连基因组勘测与分析

本研究基于下一代测序技术,对黄连基因组进行了勘测,构建了两个插入片段大小分别为200bp和500bp的文库,进行了深度约30X的测序。通过测序获得了54Gb的原始数据,过滤后得到44.8G数据。通过SOAP de nove软件组装后初步获得了contig和Scaffold序列,进一步分析结果显示其基因组大小为1,116Mb左右,大约具有1.1%的杂合度,说明要完成该物种的全基因测序可能在使用鸟枪法的同时,还应该联合BAC文库测序等多种方法.对这些数据进行了初步的组装,获得了130,381条scaffold序列.     

The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing

The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome, approximately 6 gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2-40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5 million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.     

An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing

The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine has driven the search for more scalable and lower-cost solutions. Here we describe a DNA sequencing technology in which scalable, low-cost semiconductor manufacturing techniques are used to make an integrated circuit able to directly perform non-optical DNA sequencing of genomes. Sequence data are obtained by directly sensing the ions produced by template-directed DNA polymerase synthesis using all-natural nucleotides on this massively parallel semiconductor-sensing device or ion chip. The ion chip contains ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor-based sensors in perfect register with 1.2 million wells, which provide confinement and allow parallel, simultaneous detection of independent sequencing reactions. Use of the most widely used technology for constructing integrated circuits, the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, allows for low-cost, large-scale production and scaling of the device to higher densities and larger array sizes. We show the performance of the system by sequencing three bacterial genomes, its robustness and scalability by producing ion chips with up to 10 times as many sensors and sequencing a human genome.     

Sequencing, annotation, and comparative analysis of nine BACs of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

The BGI has carried out deep sequence exploration of nine BACs from the giant panda using traditional Sanger sequencing methods.     

染色质免疫共沉淀-测序(ChIP-Seq)技术及数据分析方法介绍

对ChIP-Seq技术的实验原理进行了介绍,而且对ChIP-Seq数据分析过程的每一个步骤都进行了详细的说明,对用到的程序给出了如何使用的例子.对ChIP-Seq数据分析时每一步使用到的不同软件进行了介绍和比较.     

Accurate whole-genome sequencing and haplotyping from 10 to 20 human cells

Recent advances in whole-genome sequencing have brought the vision of personal genomics and genomic medicine closer to reality. However, current methods lack clinical accuracy and the ability to describe the context (haplotypes) in which genome variants co-occur in a cost-effective manner. Here we describe a low-cost DNA sequencing and haplotyping process, long fragment read (LFR) technology, which is similar to sequencing long single DNA molecules without cloning or separation of metaphase chromosomes. In this study, ten LFR libraries were made using only ～100?picograms of human DNA per sample. Up to 97% of the heterozygous single nucleotide variants were assembled into long haplotype contigs. Removal of false positive single nucleotide variants not phased by multiple LFR haplotypes resulted in a final genome error rate of 1 in 10?megabases. Cost-effective and accurate genome sequencing and haplotyping from 10-20 human cells, as demonstrated here, will enable comprehensive genetic studies and diverse clinical applications.     

The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual

Here we present the first diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using massively parallel sequencing technology. We aligned the short reads onto the NCBI human reference genome to 99.97% coverage, and guided by the reference genome, we used uniquely mapped reads to assemble a high-quality consensus sequence for 92% of the Asian individual's genome. We identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region, of which 13.6% were not in the dbSNP database. Genotyping analysis showed that SNP identification had high accuracy and consistency, indicating the high sequence quality of this assembly. We also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap CHB and JPT haplotypes (Chinese and Japanese, respectively), sequence comparison with the two available individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification. These variations were considered for their potential biological impact. Our sequence data and analyses demonstrate the potential usefulness of next-generation sequencing technologies for personal genomics.     

Retarding and manipulating of DNA molecules translocation through nanopores

Nanopores are emerging sensitive sensors that can detect and analyze single charged molecule. Nanopores present a promising approach for sequencing human gen- ome below US$1,000 because of its superior performance, such as high throughput and low cost. However, a dominant bottleneck, that is, the high translocation speed of DNA molecules, has to be overcome. This property decreases accuracy of nanopore sensors to the single-base level. In this review, we mainly introduce the recent research works of retarding and manipulating of DNA motion through nanopores by actively control of three forces, which are the driving force, interaction force between nanopore and molecule, and exterior drag force. Lastly, conclusion and further outlook are presented pore-based DNA sequencing on future directions of nano- technology.     

地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus)YHL的全基因组测序及序列分析

该文采用Illumina 高通量测序技术对地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp. YHL)进行全基因组测序,使用Velet软件进行组装,利用Glimmer软件对菌株进行基因预测,得到的蛋白质通过与COG、KEGG等数据库进行比对来获得相应的注释信息.利用多种绘图工具对注释信息进行汇总及分析,获得了COG、KEGG等多种基础注释信息,对这些信息进行挖掘分析,研究结果发现:该菌株具有多种编码酶基因,包括糖苷水解酶、葡糖苷酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶、新普鲁兰酶、支链淀粉酶和脂肪酶,是一种嗜热的多酶编码菌,有一定的应用潜力.重点关注了在基因组中编码热应激蛋白基因,这些基因信息最终可以提供关于细菌的热适应机制的初步解释.     

Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA

Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans. We have identified a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of contamination from modern human DNA. Direct high-throughput sequencing of a DNA extract from this fossil has thus far yielded over one million base pairs of hominoid nuclear DNA sequences. Comparison with the human and chimpanzee genomes reveals that modern human and Neanderthal DNA sequences diverged on average about 500,000 years ago. Existing technology and fossil resources are now sufficient to initiate a Neanderthal genome-sequencing effort.     

RecA介导的特异性DNA片段捕获

外显子捕获联合高通量测序技术在检测新的致病基因,特别是罕见的基因变异时,表现出很高的检测效率.但在具体使用过程中,探针易出现非特异性杂交,设计探针时需考虑Tm值均一性、所需初始样品量较大等问题.RecA是原核生物同源重组的中心分子,参与DNA损伤的重组修复.通过在体外模拟RecA蛋白在原核生物体内重组寻找同源序列的途径,用以捕获目标DNA分子,以期提高外显子捕获过程中的探针杂交效率和特异性.根据RecA在体内同源重组中的作用模式,先将基因组染色质片段化,再纯化DNA,设计生物素标记的特异性探针,在RecA蛋白的介导下以捕获基因组中的目的同源片段.结果显示:设计的和目标片段互补的探针高效而特异地捕获了目标DNA片段,ATP和水能够破坏RecA介导形成的三链复合体的稳定性,可以作为很好的杂交后洗脱试剂,而且水直接作为洗脱试剂可以提高洗脱目的 DNA片段的效率和纯度.     

Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells

DNA methylation is essential for normal development and has been implicated in many pathologies including cancer. Our knowledge about the genome-wide distribution of DNA methylation, how it changes during cellular differentiation and how it relates to histone methylation and other chromatin modifications in mammals remains limited. Here we report the generation and analysis of genome-scale DNA methylation profiles at nucleotide resolution in mammalian cells. Using high-throughput reduced representation bisulphite sequencing and single-molecule-based sequencing, we generated DNA methylation maps covering most CpG islands, and a representative sampling of conserved non-coding elements, transposons and other genomic features, for mouse embryonic stem cells, embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary neural cells, and eight other primary tissues. Several key findings emerge from the data. First, DNA methylation patterns are better correlated with histone methylation patterns than with the underlying genome sequence context. Second, methylation of CpGs are dynamic epigenetic marks that undergo extensive changes during cellular differentiation, particularly in regulatory regions outside of core promoters. Third, analysis of embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary cells reveals that 'weak' CpG islands associated with a specific set of developmentally regulated genes undergo aberrant hypermethylation during extended proliferation in vitro, in a pattern reminiscent of that reported in some primary tumours. More generally, the results establish reduced representation bisulphite sequencing as a powerful technology for epigenetic profiling of cell populations relevant to developmental biology, cancer and regenerative medicine.     

Phylogeny reconstruction based on protein phylogenetic profiles of organisms

With the coming of the Post Genomic Era, more and more genomes have been sequenced and it has become possible to study phylogeny reconstruction at genome level. The concept of protein phylogenetic profiles of organisms is defined in this work which is used in phylogeny reconstruction by proteome comparisons. This method is more stable than the prevailing molecular systematics methods and can be used widely. It will develop very fast with the rapid progress in genome sequencing.     

球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组的组装与特征分析

为揭示球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组的特征以及探究其在轮藻科内的系统发育关系,本研究基于高通量测序技术对其叶绿体全基因组进行组装和序列分析.结果表明:球状轮藻叶绿体基因组全长180 652 bp, GC含量26.6%,具有典型的四分体环状结构,与普生轮藻十分类似;球状轮藻叶绿体基因组共注释出137个基因,其中包括94个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA基因和6个rRNA基因,比无色丽藻多2个蛋白质编码基因和3个tRNA基因,与高等植物相比具有rpl12、trnL(gag)、rpl19、ycf20四个特殊基因;球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组共检测出87个SSR位点且绝大部分由A和T构成;此外,球状轮藻共包含24 989个密码子且密码子使用更偏好A和T,亮氨酸(Leu)是编码氨基酸最多的密码子;通过邻近法(NJ)对包括球状轮藻在内的5个种的叶绿体全基因组构建系统发育树显示,球状轮藻的亲缘关系与普生轮藻更为接近.本研究对球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组进行了解析,利用现有数据确立其系统发育学地位.     

DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome

Acute myeloid leukaemia is a highly malignant haematopoietic tumour that affects about 13,000 adults in the United States each year. The treatment of this disease has changed little in the past two decades, because most of the genetic events that initiate the disease remain undiscovered. Whole-genome sequencing is now possible at a reasonable cost and timeframe to use this approach for the unbiased discovery of tumour-specific somatic mutations that alter the protein-coding genes. Here we present the results obtained from sequencing a typical acute myeloid leukaemia genome, and its matched normal counterpart obtained from the same patient's skin. We discovered ten genes with acquired mutations; two were previously described mutations that are thought to contribute to tumour progression, and eight were new mutations present in virtually all tumour cells at presentation and relapse, the function of which is not yet known. Our study establishes whole-genome sequencing as an unbiased method for discovering cancer-initiating mutations in previously unidentified genes that may respond to targeted therapies.