太阳能腔式吸热器自然对流热损的数值研究

腔式吸热器是碟式太阳能热发电系统的一个重要组成部分,它的性能优劣直接影响到整个发电系统的效率。重点分析了腔式吸热器的自然对流热损,建立了6种典型腔式吸热器的二维模型,选用FLUENT6.3计算了在开口直径为10cm,壁温为400℃,倾角α=0°条件下的6种腔式吸热器的内部自然对流热损失。计算和比较发现,球形吸热器的内部对流热损比其他5种吸热器平均低10%。通过计算球形吸热器在不同Aw/Al(内表面积/开口面积)和不同倾角下的对流热损大小,发现球形吸热器的对流热损随倾角的增大而显著减小,在α=0°(开口朝侧面)时最大,α=90°(开口垂直向下)时最小;计算得到球形吸热器的最佳Aw/Al值为8～10。     

Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences.

The signals that determine body part identity in vertebrate embryos are largely unknown, with some exceptions such as those for teeth and digits. The vertebrate face is derived from small buds of tissue, facial prominences, that surround the embryonic oral cavity. In chicken embryos, the skeleton of the upper beak is derived from the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Here we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid (RA), are used to specify the identity of the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Implanting two beads adjacent to the stage-15 presumptive maxillary field, one soaked in the Bmp antagonist Noggin and one soaked in RA, induces a duplicate set of frontonasal mass skeletal elements in place of maxillary bones. We also show that the duplicated beak is due to transformation of the maxillary prominence into a second frontonasal mass and not due to ectopic migration of cells or splitting of the normal frontonasal mass. Thus the levels of Bmp and RA determine whether specific regions of the face form maxillary or frontonasal mass derivatives.     

混合流体对流运动的研究进展

混合流体对流是研究非平衡对流的稳定性、非线形动力学特性及湍流形成机理的典型模型之一.本文论述了混合流体对流的主要研究进展.在此基础上,对混合流体对流的数值模拟的研究提出了有待进一步研究和探讨的问题.     

对流运动的流场结构

对湿对流运动的流场结构进行了研究.指出:因对流上升区与下沉区具有不同的稳定性参数和其他环境场,研究表明:下沉区具有不同的稳定性参数和其他环境场,研究表明:下沉区气层越稳定,其下沉范围越宽广,它将汇集更大范围的水汽,使湿对流维持较长时间.     

强制对流条件下结霜现象的实验研究

在冷面温度为-15~0℃,空气温度为16.5℃和22℃,空气相对湿度为20%~70%,空气流速为0~5.5m/s的条件下,对水平铝表面上结霜现象进行了实验研究。结果表明:冷面温度或空气温度越低,过冷水珠存续时间越短,冻结粒径越小;随着空气相对湿度的增加,过冷水珠存续时间先缩短后延长,冻结粒径先减小后增大;随着空气流速的增大,过冷水珠存续时间先缩短后延长,冻结粒径却不断增大;空气流速对初始霜晶形状的影响不大。     

双流体混合Rayleigh-Bénard对流

Rayleigh-Benard(RB)对流是研究非平衡对流的稳定性、非线性动力学特性及湍流形成机理的典型模型之一.本文论述了有无通过流动的双流体混合RB对流的研究价值、历史和现状,介绍了该问题的主要研究方法,提出了有待进一步研究和探讨的问题.     

Mechanisms of extensive spatiotemporal chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection

Spatially extended dynamical systems exhibit complex behaviour in both space and time--spatiotemporal chaos. Analysis of dynamical quantities (such as fractal dimensions and Lyapunov exponents) has provided insights into low-dimensional systems; but it has proven more difficult to understand spatiotemporal chaos in high-dimensional systems, despite abundant data describing its statistical properties. Initial attempts have been made to extend the dynamical approach to higher-dimensional systems, demonstrating numerically that the spatiotemporal chaos in several simple models is extensive (the number of dynamical degrees of freedom scales with the system volume). Here we report a computational investigation of a phenomenon found in nature, 'spiral defect' chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection, in which we find that the spatiotemporal chaos in this state is extensive and characterized by about a hundred dynamical degrees of freedom. By studying the detailed space-time evolution of the dynamical degrees of freedom, we find that the mechanism for the generation of chaotic disorder is spatially and temporally localized to events associated with the creation and annihilation of defects.     

聚光与冷却条件下常规太阳电池的特性

为进一步开发常规电池的聚光光伏热电系统提供指导和依据,设计加工了太阳能电池的冷却换热器,建立了聚光条件下太阳电池热电性能试验系统,并对聚光强度为0.85～20kW/m2、无冷却和采用水自然对流冷却条件下常规太阳电池的热电特性进行了试验测试,研究结果表明,常规太阳电池入射光强为1kW/m2的峰值输出功率为66W/m2;采用聚光但不进行冷却,入射光强为3.3kW/m2时仍有较高效率,此时其峰值输出功率为177.7W/m2,是不聚光的2.7倍。采用聚光并进行冷却后,常规电池在光强为6kW/m2时仍有较高效率,此时其峰值输出功率为318.5W/m2,是不聚光的4.8倍;当光强在1～20kW/m2范围内的时候,设计加工的换热器能够保证在聚光状态下太阳电池低于60℃,使电池在较高的转换效率下工作。     

Small-scale convection beneath oceans and continents

Small-scale convection supplies heat flow of ～17 mW m-2 to the base of stable continents where xenolith studies resolve the geotherm.However,effects of small-scale convection are difficult to resolve in ocean basins.On first pass,most seafloor appears to subside to an asymptote compatible with ～40 mW m-2 convective heat flow.These common regions are tracked by hotspots so uplift associated with ponded mantle material is an attractive alternative.Unaffected seafloor in the North and South Atlantic continues to subside with the square root of age as expected from pure conduction.The theory of stagnant-lid convection provides good scaling relationships for heat flow.For linear viscosity,heat flow is proportional to the underlying "half-space" viscosity to the 1/3 power and the temperature to change viscosity by a factor of e to the 4/3 power.The formalism is easily modified to represent convection beneath a lid of highly viscous and buoyant cratonal lithosphere and to represent transient convection beneath thickening oceanic lithosphere.Asthenospheric mantle with linear,strongly temperature-dependent,and weakly depth-dependent viscosity is compatible with both oceanic and continental data.More complicated rheology may allow vigorous small-scale convection under most but not all old ocean basins.Still viable hypotheses require poorly understood global features,including lateral variations of asthenospheric temperature.Seismological studies have the potential to resolve the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary,including local variations of its depth associated with small-scale convection.     

对流方程的六阶中心差分格式

有限差分方法是微分方程数值解法中发展最早、理论最完善、应用最广泛的计算方法之一．利用待定系数法构造了对流方程的中心有限差分格式,利用Taylor级数展开推导出了该差分格式的修正偏微分方程（MPDE）,采用数值余项效应分析方法从空间离散方面改进了该格式．利用高阶TVD Runge-Kutta方法从时间离散方面改进了该格式．利用Richardson外推方法在不增加计算复杂度的前提下改革了原格式．数值实验表明本文讨论的3种方法在差分格式改进和优化中的有效性．本文讨论的方法也可以用于其他偏微分方程有限差分方法的构造中．     

渗透双扩散对流的实验研究

在直径９０ｍｍ，高１００ｍｍ的容器中，研究了均质流层下常孔隙率的多孔介质上方指状流和烟羽的典型形态，形成条件与动力学，各种流态的形成取决于Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ数Ｒａ与“溶质Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ数”Ｒｓ；其临界条件均符合Ｒａ＝ａＲｓ＋ｂ，ａ，ｂ与系统中液体的物性及多孔介质的渗透率有关。这方程式揭示了形成凝固前沿上方烟羽（偏析通道的孪生现象）时诸因素的定量关系，为推导它们的临界判据打下基础。     

磁致空气自然对流的数学模型

为研究流体磁化率随温度变化的磁致自然对流产生的原因和物理机理,推导了磁浮升力的表达式,并分别对顺磁性流体和逆磁性流体进行了分析。以磁致空气自然对流为对象,对不可压、定常、层流流动提出其数学模型。在对数学模型量纲归一化分析的基础上,得到了磁Rayleigh数Ram公式。对二维封闭方腔内磁致空气自然对流在两种不同Ram工况下的流动和换热特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明,磁致自然对流的行为由流体的性质和Ram决定,对于给定的流体和几何形状,Ram确定了磁致自然对流的流动形态和换热特性。     

地面分离结晶过程中熔体内部的流动特征

为掌握地面条件下分离结晶过程中熔体内部的流动规律,采用有限差分法对分离结晶生长CdZnTe晶体熔体内热毛细-浮力对流作了三维数值模拟,在计算过程中熔体无量纲高度H取1,无量纲气缝宽度B分别取0.100,0.075,0.050和0.025.结果表明:当Marangoni数较小时,熔体流动呈较弱的稳态流动;随着Marangoni数增加,熔体内部流动逐渐增强,温度梯度逐渐加大;当Marangoni数超过临界值,流动转变成非稳态流动,熔体内部流场和温度场出现振荡;随着气缝宽度减小临界Marangoni数增大.     

Progress in polymer solar cell

This review outlines current progresses in polymer solar cell. Compared to traditional silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) technology, the completely different principle of optoelectric response in the polymer cell results in a novel configuration of the device and more complicated photovoltaic generation proc-ess. The conception of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) is introduced and its advantage in terms of mor-phology is addressed. The main aspects including the morphology of photoactive layer, which limit the efficiency and stability of polymer solar cell, are discussed in detail. The solutions to boosting up both the efficiency and stability (lifetime) of the polymer solar cell are highlighted at the end of this review.     

圆柱容器内Rayleigh—Benard湍流对流的数值模拟

采用差分方法求解基于Boussinesq假设下三维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，直接数值模拟了底部加热、顶部冷却的竖直圆柱容器内Rayleigh-Benard湍流对流问题，探讨了不同形参比下流场中大尺度环流结构、轴对称环状涡结构的变化规律，分析了形参比对于平均流场和湍流脉动统计量以及表征传热特性的Nusselt数的影响．     

Auto-amplifying dynamic behavior of heap and convection in granular material

Two experiments have been carried out to understand the physical characteristics of surface heap and internal convection of granular material subjected to vertical vibration. The results show that they have a clear auteamplifying behavior. An effective force leading to the heap and cunvection has been obtained, which includes the square and cubic terms of the local height.     

化学波在对流介质中的折射与反射

以含有对流项的二维布鲁塞尔子为模型,导出化学波的波速随介质对流速度变化的关系式,用之说明化学波在对流介质中的折射与反射规律.结果表明:在对流介质中,尽管化学波在两种介质分界面上的折射与回折射(反射)仍然遵从波矢量切向分量连续定律,但折射角和反射角随入射角变化的规律与在静止介质中有所不同.当平面化学波从低速介质射向高速介质时,若介质对流速度方向与化学波的入射方向一致,在入射角大于临界角时,化学波在两种介质的边界上发生反常折射和反射现象,反常折射角随入射角的增大而增大,反射角随入射角变化,而且小于临界角;当平面化学波从高速介质射向低速介质时,若介质对流速度方向与化学波的入射方向一致,化学波在两种介质的边界上发生折射现象,折射角随入射角变化,先增大后减小.数值模拟结果进一步验证了理论结果.     

典型竖井内火羽流与自然对流的比较

为深入了解火灾过程的特点,采用大涡模拟方法对火羽流与自然对流引起的典型竖井中的流动进行了数值模拟研究。网格滤波截断的亚格子湍能远小于流场总能量,验证了大涡模拟方法的有效性。竖井内火羽流和自然对流的计算结果与文献给出的实验值总体上符合较好。在此基础上讨论了3种不同开口形式竖井内火灾及加热情况下的内部流场,发现两者在表观上具有一定相似性,但火灾状态下流场湍流更强,卷起的涡团更多,流场温度更高。此外,开口形式亦对竖井内流型产生很大影响。