复杂性与社会分化——卢曼社会系统理论研究

在卢曼看来,社会系统总是处于极端的复杂状态,同时也处于一种复杂化的过程之中。系统的复杂性征使其在面对环境的影响时,出现各种内在的危机和各种不平衡现象,并产生一系列的运作难题,使社会系统无法以其原来对付环境的原则进行实际运作,迫使社会系统不断地进行复杂性的化约和自我的区分化以化解危机,而社会系统也在此一过程中实现自身的演化和进化。     

重建科学划界标准

许多科学哲学家都曾试图用一种特征作为标准区分科学与伪科学,他们过于简单化的做法都归于失败.后现代科学观消解科学与伪科学的划界,反对科学的本质的做法是与科学精神相悖的.本文试图避开以往科学划界标准的缺陷,根据科学作为一种知识体系和研究活动的特征,提出多元的科学划界标准.     

Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes

We present a new approach to the old problem of how to incorporate the role of the observer in statistics. We show classical probability theory to be inadequate for this task and take refuge in the epsilon-model, which is the only model known to us caapble of handling situations between quantum and classical statistics. An example is worked out and some problems are discussed as to the new viewpoint that emanates from our approach.Supported by the I UAP-III no. 9.     

Bolzano’s Infinite Quantities

In his Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds, Georg Cantor praised Bernard Bolzano as a clear defender of actual infinity who had the courage to work with infinite numbers. At the same time, he sharply criticized the way Bolzano dealt with them. Cantor’s concept was based on the existence of a one-to-one correspondence, while Bolzano insisted on Euclid’s Axiom of the whole being greater than a part. Cantor’s set theory has eventually prevailed, and became a formal basis of contemporary mathematics, while Bolzano’s approach is generally considered a step in the wrong direction. In the present paper, we demonstrate that a fragment of Bolzano’s theory of infinite quantities retaining the part-whole principle can be extended to a consistent mathematical structure. It can be interpreted in several possible ways. We obtain either a linearly ordered ring of finite and infinitely great quantities, or a partially ordered ring containing infinitely small, finite and infinitely great quantities. These structures can be used as a basis of the infinitesimal calculus similarly as in non-standard analysis, whether in its full version employing ultrafilters due to Abraham Robinson, or in the recent “cheap version” avoiding ultrafilters due to Terence Tao.     

A Thurstonian Ranking Model with Rank-Induced Dependencies

A Thurstonian model for ranks is introduced in which rank-induced dependencies are specified through correlation coefficients among ranked objects that are determined by a vector of rank-induced parameters. The ranking model can be expressed in terms of univariate normal distribution functions, thus simplifying a previously computationally intensive problem. A theorem is proven that shows that the specification given in the paper for the dependencies is the only way that this simplification can be achieved under the process assumptions of the model. The model depends on certain conditional probabilities that arise from item orders considered by subjects as they make ranking decisions. Examples involving a complete set of ranks and a set with missing values are used to illustrate recovery of the objects’ scale values and the rank dependency parameters. Application of the model to ranks for gift items presented singly or as composite items is also discussed.     

基于文献计量的中文科技新词探讨

文章以中国知网的中文学术文献数据库为基础,利用词频统计,结合时间参数,对中文科技新词做了探讨。文章认为,高被引论文的关键词包含了专业领域的重要中文科技名词。统计结果表明,大部分高被引论文为基金论文。由于基金论文在全部论文中所占比例较低,因此,不需要考虑全部新论文,只要对其中基金论文的关键词做词频统计,就有助于发现大部分重要中文科技新词。这样,既减少了工作量,也减少了盲目性。此项工作对科研工作者和术语工作者有一定帮助。     

Measuring the influence of individual data points in a cluster analysis

The problem of measuring the impact of individual data points in a cluster analysis is examined. The purpose is to identify those data points that have an influence on the resulting cluster partitions. Influence of a single data point is considered present when different cluster partitions result from the removal of the element from the data set. The Hubert and Arabie (1985) corrected Rand index was used to provide numerical measures of influence of a data point. Simulated data sets consisting of a variety of cluster structures and error conditions were generated to validate the influence measures. The results showed that the measure of internal influence was 100% accurate in identifying those data elements exhibiting an influential effect. The nature of the influence, whether beneficial or detrimental to the clustering, can be evaluated with the use of the gamma and point-biserial statistics.     

Combinatorial Representations of Token Sequences

This paper presents new representations of token sequences, with and without associated quantities, in Euclidean space. The representations are free of assumptions about the nature of the sequences or the processes that generate them. Algorithms and applications from the domains of structured interviews and life histories are discussed.     

On the Foundations of Constructive Mathematics – Especially in Relation to the Theory of Continuous Functions

We discuss the foundations of constructive mathematics, including recursive mathematics and intuitionism, in relation to classical mathematics. There are connections with the foundations of physics, due to the way in which the different branches of mathematics reflect reality. Many different axioms and their interrelationship are discussed. We show that there is a fundamental problem in BISH (Bishop’s school of constructive mathematics) with regard to its current definition of ‘continuous function’. This problem is closely related to the definition in BISH of ‘locally compact’. Possible approaches to this problem are discussed. Topology seems to be a key to understanding many issues. We offer several new simplifying axioms, which can form bridges between the various branches of constructive mathematics and classical mathematics (‘reuniting the antipodes’). We give a simplification of basic intuitionistic theory, especially with regard to so-called ‘bar induction’. We then plead for a limited number of axiomatic systems, which differentiate between the various branches of mathematics. Finally, in the appendix we offer BISH an elegant topological definition of ‘locally compact’, which unlike the current definition is equivalent to the usual classical and/or intuitionistic definition in classical and intuitionistic mathematics, respectively.     

中国高校校名英译——以“理工”与“师范”院校为例

高校校名翻译属于术语翻译的范畴,术语翻译需遵循透明性、一致性及准确性原则。然而,目前中国大陆很多高校校名英文翻译普遍存在不规范、不一致、不准确等问题。因此,如何对高校校名翻译进行规范与统一是亟待解决的问题。笔者访问各大本科层次院校官网,共得到1225所高校的中文校名及其英文译名(部分校名无英文翻译),通过定量统计与定性分析,得出目前中国高校英文校名命名的规律及其翻译规律,并以“理工”与“师范”两类院校为例,尝试给出恰切译文。     

The analysis of free-sorting data: Beyond pairwise cooccurrences

Free-sorting data are obtained when subjects are given a set of objects and are asked to divide them into subsets. Such data are usually reduced by counting for each pair of objects, how many subjects placed both of them into the same subset. The present study examines the utility of a group of additional statistics. the cooccurrences of sets of three objects. Because there are dependencies among the pair and triple cooccurrences, adjusted triple similarity statistics are developed. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis — which usually use pair similarities as their input data — can be modified to operate on three-way similarities to create representations of the set of objects. Such methods are applied to a set of empirical sorting data: Rosenberg and Kim's (1975) fifteen kinship terms.The author thanks Phipps Arabie, Lawrence Hubert, Lawrence Jones, Ed Shoben, and Stanley Wasserman for their considerable contributions to this paper.     

3308年中国大陆科研机构在PNAS发表论文统计

PNAS是一份国际高水平的综合性科技期刊,本文对2008年中国大陆科研机构在PNAS发表论文情况进行了统计分析。结果表明,中国大陆科研机构在PNAS发表论文的能力虽然还比较低,但总体上稳步上升。     

Dimensionally Reduced Model-Based Clustering Through Mixtures of Factor Mixture Analyzers

Dimensionally reduced model-based clustering methods are recently receiving a wide interest in statistics as a tool for performing simultaneously clustering and dimension reduction through one or more latent variables. Among these, Mixtures of Factor Analyzers assume that, within each component, the data are generated according to a factor model, thus reducing the number of parameters on which the covariance matrices depend. In Factor Mixture Analysis clustering is performed through the factors of an ordinary factor analysis which are jointly modelled by a Gaussian mixture. The two approaches differ in genesis, parameterization and consequently clustering performance. In this work we propose a model which extends and combines them. The proposed Mixtures of Factor Mixture Analyzers provide a unified class of dimensionally reduced mixture models which includes the previous ones as special cases and could offer a powerful tool for modelling non-Gaussian latent variables.     

传统中医在西方世界的传播:试释这一奇特现象

摘要从公元前一、二世纪的西汉时期开始,中国运用阴阳、五行等思想解释健康和疾病,建立了一个有效的、“科学”的治疗和预防疾病的医学体系,在中国运用与发展了两千多年,这就是“中国传统医学(CTM)”。20世纪50年代至70年代之间,中国医家对中医按科学和理性精神进行了整理、消化和吸收,使之切合于当代医学知识体系,这就是我们现在理解的“传统中医(TCM)”。中医在16世纪就为西方有所了解,尤其是针灸,18、19世纪之交在欧洲曾风靡一时。但接着在一个多世纪的时间里,由于现代生物、化学、医学的兴起,中医在西方受到了冷落。到了20世纪70年代,情况又发生了变化,传统中医再次在欧洲和美国大受欢迎。造成这一现象的根本原因不在于传统中医在临床上的效果,而是在于西方工业化国家中产生了一种宽泛的思潮,即对不加区分地用现代科学技术改变人类生活、开发自然所带来的危险的意识越来越强烈。在这种危机感下,西方人迫切需要一种对人体改变不大,对环境破坏较小,强调人与自然和谐共存的医学体系来补充或取代西方现有的生化医学。传统中医,特别是针灸,在西方得以流行,就是得益于这种对科学技术造福人类、不断进步的观点表示怀疑,对现代科技对环境的破坏表示忧虑的危机感。文章主要是通过对欧洲的环境主义和对科学技术的怀疑主义的背景分析,解释为什么“传统中医”能在这一思想大趋势中进入到西方社会。同时在另一方面,由于“传统中医”是对“中国传统医学”科学的、理性的整理和吸收,这使得它比较容易为强调科学和理性的西方文化所接受。“传统中医”当今在西方受到欢迎,这一奇特现象当从以上两方面进行解释。     

现代科学方法的两个源头──统计学与概率论的产生与结合

２０世纪以来，科学探视的目光集中于复杂性、大数目现象，今天已很难找到哪一个科学领域不使用概率、统计的方法。该文追溯了统计与概率的历史源头，它们相结合和成为现代科学研究的主要方法的历史进程。     

信息与文献标准化术语管理研究

本研究统计分析了国际标准化组织ISO/TC 46技术标准中对ISO 5127术语的引用,修正了ISO 5127信息与文献术语概念体系,分析了开展 ISO/TC 46信息与文献领域术语管理的必要性和可能性,并提出了在ISO/TC 46领域开展术语管理的基本建议。     

青金石产地探源

青金石是一种最古老的玉石，也是东西方文化交流的见证之一。概述了青金石的产地来源和使用历史。利用质子激发X射线荧光（PIXE）、X射线衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱（LRS）以及扫描电镜（SEM）技术对来自阿富汗、俄罗斯贝加尔湖等地的几个青金石样品进行了岩石矿物学特征分析。实验结果显示了不同质地青金石的不同成分组成和微观结构特征。伴生矿物的种类和含量差异为探寻青金石的产地来源提供了有益的信息。     

中央研究院第一届院士的去向

概述中央研究院第一届院士的选举经过,对1949年后中央研究院第一届81位院士的去向作一精确的数据统计,较为详细地介绍若干因意识形态干扰学术而落选1955年学部委员的中研院院士,追忆前中研院院士编写的通俗读物,反思建国初期中国科学院制度上的弊端。     

2004-2006自然辩证法研究学术轨迹概观——基于3种自然辩证法研究核心期刊所发表的1600多篇论文题名的词频统计

运用词频统计法分析了2004-2006年《自然辩证法研究》、《自然辩证法通讯》、《科学技术与辩证法》3种核心期刊所发表的1600多篇论文的题名,在一定程度上显示出了这3年自然辩证法研究的现状、研究热点和发展动向。此外,这种研究方法也为自然辩证法界的学科反思提供了一种定量化分析的新思路。     

面向军事领域的土耳其语术语自动抽取研究

文章以土耳其语军事领域术语语言特征研究为基础,提出一种规则与统计相结合的术语抽取方法,先后通过关键词、停止词、形态分析序列模式、点互信息、左右信息熵和临接词缀等特征对单语文本中的候选项进行筛选,在W-data和N-data大小两组单语文本中进行实验,结果表明该方法能够有效地从实验数据中抽取土耳其语军事术语。