抗坏血酸对暗诱导拟南芥叶片衰老的影响

分析黑暗诱导衰老条件下3种内源抗坏血酸含量不同的拟南芥（GLDH基因超表达植株gldh236OE、哥伦比亚野生型Col和拟南芥抗坏血酸缺乏突变体vtc2-1）表型、抗坏血酸含量及叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标的变化,研究抗坏血酸对暗诱导拟南芥叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,黑暗胁迫后3种拟南芥抗坏血酸含量均呈下降趋势,与Col相比,vtc2-1的抗坏血酸含量显著降低（P005）,叶片黄化速度明显较快;gldh236OE叶片黄化速度较慢;黑暗均引起了PSII最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和PSII实际光化学量子产量（Yield）降低,PSII的光合效率受到阻碍;也减少了vtc2-1非光化学猝灭（NPQ）,外施抗坏血酸对植株热耗散能力显著增强（P005）.研究表明,内源抗坏血酸含量的缺失会导致植株对黑暗胁迫的适应性降低,外施1 mmol/L抗坏血酸能部分缓解植物的黑暗胁迫.     

补充维生素A对血清转铁蛋白受体及红细胞系影响的实验研究

选择血红蛋白＜114 g/L的56名体育传统学校学生为研究对象,随机分为3组：补铁补维生素A组19人,补铁组19人和对照组18人,实验组补铁方法为服用L-苏糖酸亚铁胶囊（7 mg元素铁/粒,3粒/d）4周,同时口服维生素A丸20万单位（10万U/d ×2 d）.4周后补铁补维生素A组sTfR、血清视黄醇、SI、Tf和TS%水平与实验前和对照组比较显著提高（P＜0.05）,Hb,RBC,Hct水平显著提高（P＜0.01）.补铁组SI,Tf, TS%,Hb,RBC,Hct水平显著提高（P＜0.05）.提示短期补铁加大剂量维生素A能使机体铁分布及营养状况改善,显著改善贫血学生的红细胞系的状态.     

植物脂肪酸及其衍生物防御信号研究进展

植物由于不能移动而发展了复杂而精密的抗病系统.近年来,人们发现作为细胞膜组分的脂肪酸在植物的各种抗病机制中发挥着举足轻重的作用.脂肪酸及其衍生物不仅参与植物基础免疫和系统免疫,还参与经典抗病基因(R基因)介导的抗病过程.目前,已发现许多与脂肪酸(尤其是16碳和18碳脂肪酸及其衍生物)代谢相关的突变体,对这些突变体抗病性改变的分子机制研究成为植物抗病领域研究热点之一.本文综述了脂肪酸及其衍生物在植物防御信号转导中的最新研究进展,旨在为植物抗病遗传育种研究提供新的参考.     

基于PsbA-trnH,RbcL和trnL-F序列的野生葡萄系统发育

采用PCR技术从湘西地区的3种野生葡萄中分离PsbA-trnH、RbcL和trnL-F基因片段,克隆至pMD18-T载体中测序,结合GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ中公布的其他葡萄科植物相应cpDNA基因信息,使用Mega4构建系统发育进化树,分析其系统发育关系.结果显示,PsbA-trnH,RbcL和trnL-F这3种cpDNA基因序列均能用于葡萄科属间的分子鉴定,但结果与传统形态学分类存在一些差异,RbcL能用于葡萄属内种间的分子鉴定.     

植物类异戊二烯生物合成相关酶基因研究进展

类异戊二烯化合物是自然界广泛存在的一大类天然化合物,具有重要的生物学功能及经济价值．在植物体内,类异戊二烯化合物的生物合成主要有2条代谢途径：甲羟戊酸（MVA）途径和2-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸（MEP）途径．综述了国内外对植物中这2条代谢途径中相关酶基因的功能、分离情况、表达特性,以及2条代谢途径之间中间产物的交换等方面的研究进展．     

LysM蛋白在植物免疫中的作用

溶解素基序（LysM）是在多种蛋白质中普遍存在的结构域.植物LysM蛋白能够感知几丁质及其寡糖等分子配体，从而启动植物对病原菌的免疫反应.在水稻、拟南芥等植物免疫应答过程中，LysM蛋白作为一种重要的模式识别受体，通过不同形式的寡聚化，激活多种类受体胞质激酶及其下游的MAPK（mitogen activated protein kinase）级联反应传递信号.同时，蛋白质可逆磷酸化和蛋白质降解途径可以负调节LysM蛋白介导的防御信号转导.文章综述了植物免疫过程中LysM蛋白介导的信号转导分子机制.     

草酸诱导甜瓜对南瓜花叶病毒的系统抗性

用草酸涂抹甜瓜叶片后,显提高了甜瓜对南瓜花叶病毒（ＳｑＭＶ）的系统抗性。最后处理的草酸浓度为３０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１。挑战接种试验证明,草酸处理植株的感病症状显轻于对照植株,病毒的相对质量尝试仅为对照值株的４％,草酸处理植株的过氧化物酶活性为对照植株的６倍,且诱导出３种新的过氧化物酶同工酶;木质素相对质量浓度亦提高了８２．９％。结果表明,草酸对提高甜瓜过氧化酶活性和木质素相对质量浓度与诱导甜瓜对     

Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes

Jasmonate and salicylate are plant-produced signals that activate plant defence genes after herbivory or pathogen attack. Amplification of these signals, evoked by either enemy attack or experimental manipulation, leads to an increase in the synthesis of toxic compounds (allelochemicals) and defence proteins in the plants. Although the jasmonate and salicylate signal cascades activate different sets of plant defence genes, or even act antagonistically, there is substantial communication between the pathways. Jasmonate and salicylate also contribute to protecting plants against herbivores by causing plants that experience insect damage to increase their production of volatile molecules that attract natural enemies of herbivorous insects. In response to plant defences, herbivores increase their production of enzymes that detoxify allelochemicals, including cytochrome P450s (refs 15, 16). But herbivores are potentially vulnerable to toxic allelochemicals in the duration between ingesting toxins and induction of detoxification systems. Here we show that the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea uses jasmonate and salicylate to activate four of its cytochrome P450 genes that are associated with detoxification either before or concomitantly with the biosynthesis of allelochemicals. This ability to 'eavesdrop' on plant defence signals protects H. zea against toxins produced by host plants.     

Increment of antioxidase activity of transgenic tobacco with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene was about 36% higher than that in the control plants (parent plants), activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (Cat) increased by about 62% and 88% respectively. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase (AsSPOD), dehydroascorbate redutase (DAsAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) in ascorbate-glutothion pathway located at chloroplasts increased by 67.7%, 47.9% and 38.8% respectively. These results indicated that the H₂O₂ produced by SOD catalyzing superoxide anion radicals (O^-₂) could be fully decomposed, and could not derive to form the strongest toxicant radicals ·OH. This is the first report to elucidate quantitatively that the activities of two kinds of antioxidative enzymes decomposed radicals and active oxygen were matched. Photoinhibition tolerant capacity of the transgenic tobacco plants was 35% higher than that in the parent plants. Increment of photoinhibition tolerant capacity in the transgenic tobacco plants might be due to increment of antioxidative enzymes activities, in turn being able to more effectively scavenge active oxygen and radicals, protect organization and function of chloroplasts. These results showed that the increment of antioxidative enzymes activities in the transgenic tobacco might be one of the reasons for the increment of resistance in the transgenic tobacco.     

水驱优势通道下微观潜力分布及改变流线挖潜

根据中高渗油藏优势通道孔喉分布特征,建立了具有不同优势通道发育规模的二维刻蚀模型,对优势通道下剩余油微观分布及演变特征进行了研究;通过分析不同改变流线动用方法适应性,初步揭示了优势通道下剩余油改变流线动用机制;结合油藏数值模拟,量化了改变流线动用策略。结果表明,提高驱替速度可使弱优势通道下剩余油大幅降低,而强优势通道变化较小;根据优势通道下剩余油赋存形态、形成机制,将其分成了4类,即死角式、并联式、包围式、绕流式,其中前两类受优势通道规模、驱替速度影响极小,而后两类仅在优势通道规模较小时,才会随驱替速度增加而大幅减小。应以利用与克服优势通道的角度去设计流线动用改变方式,在流线动用方式合理改变时,强优势通道注采比应适当降低,而弱优势通道相反。     

Transformation of GbSGT1 gene into banana by an Agrobacterium-mediated approach

SGT1 is a homologue of the yeast ubiquitin ligase-associated protein. It controls some protein degradation and activates defense pathway in plants. Cotton GbSGT1 gene (Gossypium barbadense) has been isolated and characterized in previous work. In this study, the plant expression vector pBSGT1 with bar gene as a selection agent was constructed and transgenic banana was obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the assistance of particle bombardment and screened with PCR and Basta spreading on banana plant leaves. Estimating of transgenic banana plants for resistance to Panama wilt is in progress.     

Transformation of GbSGT1 gene into banana by an Agrobacterium-mediated approach

SGT1 is a homologue of the yeast ubiquitin ligase-associated protein. It controls some protein degradation and activates defense pathway in plants. Cotton GbSGT1 gene (Gossypium barbadense) has been isolated and characterized in previous work. In this study, the plant expression vector pBSGT1 with bar gene as a selection agent was constructed and transgenic banana was obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the assistance of particle bombardment and screened with PCR and Basta spreading on banana plant leaves. Estimating of transgenic banana plants for resistance to Panama wilt is in progress.     

环己六醇在茶树儿茶素生物合成中的作用(英文)

术文利用放射性同位素生物标记法,对环己六醇在茶树儿茶素生物合成中的作用作了研究.提出了环已六醇至少通过两条路线参与儿茶素的生物合成;1.经由戊糖到PPP 途径;2.经由己糖到EMP 途径.然后,环已六醇逐渐转变形成莽草酸途径的先质,最后,通过莽草酸途径参入到儿茶素中.m—环已六醇直接形成茶多酚的可能性不大.     

Ralstonia metallidurans CH34苯酚、甲苯降解基因的生物信息学分析

采用生物信息学方法对Ralstonia metallidurans CH34基因组序列进行了深入分析,推测了参与降解苯酚、甲苯/二甲苯降解的有关基因及功能,编码序列推测结果显示,R. metallidurans CH34中可能存在苯酚、甲苯/二甲苯间位降解代谢途径的基因操纵子及其调节因子和辅助因子,为后续进一步克隆和研究各基因的准确功能提供了有益的信息,奠定了基础.     

外源GSH对NaCl胁迫下二色补血草盐害缓冲机理的研究

用外源GSH处理不同盐浓度下生长的泌盐植物二色补血草（Limonium bicolor Bge,Kuntz），比较处理前后活性氧清除系统中酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化,结果表明盐胁迫下，外源GSH可以明显提高补血草活性氧清除系统中SOD、CAT、APX、GR的活性以及AsA和GSH的含量，降低MDA和O2^-的含量，从而降低了细胞膜脂过氧化水平。缓解盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害，表明二色补血草的抗盐性与活性氧清除能力的提高具密切关系．     

植物盐胁迫的信号传导途径

植物耐盐性研究具有重要意义.近年来,植物盐胁迫信号传导途径一直是植物耐盐性研究的热点.目前已阐明的盐胁迫信号传导途径有酵母和植物中的MAPK(mitogen-actirated protein kinase)途径、拟南芥中缓解离子胁迫的SOS(salt overIy sensitive)途径以及其他蛋白激酶参与的信号传导途径,其中包括钙依赖而钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶、受体蛋白激酶、糖原合成酶的激酶和组蛋白激酶.因此,植物的耐盐性是个非常复杂的问题,可能是由多种信号分子参与的网络体系.大量转基因实验证明,信号传导途径中的某些组分可改善植物的耐盐性.因此,深入研究植物的盐胁迫信号传导是提高植物耐盐性的前提和基础.     

Role of arginine-tRNA in protein degradation by the ubiquitin pathway

Degradation of intracellular proteins through the ubiquitin and ATP-dependent proteolysis pathway involves several steps. Initially, ubiquitin is covalently linked to the proteolytic substrate in an ATP-requiring reaction. Proteins marked by ubiquitin may then be selectively lysed in a reaction that also requires ATP (for reviews see refs 1-3). A major question concerns the structural features of a protein that make it a specific substrate for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. It was shown that a free alpha-NH2 group is one important feature of the protein structure recognized by the ubiquitin ligation system, and that the half-life in vivo of a protein with an exposed amino terminus depends on its amino terminal residue. We have previously demonstrated that transfer RNA (tRNA) is essential for conjugation of ubiquitin and for the subsequent degradation of proteins with acidic amino termini (aspartate or glutamate). We now show that tRNA is required for post-translational conjugation of arginine to acidic amino termini of proteins, a modification that is essential for their degradation by the ubiquitin pathway.     

The roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration

Many late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are associated with the formation of intracellular aggregates by toxic proteins. It is therefore crucial to understand the factors that regulate the steady-state levels of these 'toxins', at both the synthetic and degradation stages. The degradation pathways acting on such aggregate-prone cytosolic proteins include the ubiquitin-proteasome system and macroautophagy. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome or macroautophagy pathways might contribute to the pathology of various neurodegenerative conditions. However, enhancing macroautophagy with drugs such as rapamycin could offer a tractable therapeutic strategy for a number of these diseases.     

Vitamin E modulates the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid in leukocytes

The arachidonic acid released from cellular phospholipids of specifically stimulated platelets and leukocytes is oxygenated enzymatically by two major pathways. A complex cycloxygenase converts some of the free arachidonic acid to labile endoperoxides that are transformed to prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclin (PGI2). Lipoxygenases convert part of the arachidonic acid to unstable hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (OOHETEs) that are transformed to monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), oligohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic or -eicostatrienoic acids such as di-HETEs and tri-HETEs, and, in some instances, more complex humoral mediators, including slow-reacting substances. Both the nature of the HETEs and the ratio of the HETEs to the cyclo-oxygenase products are specific characteristics of each type of cell. In human neutrophils, the sum of the lipoxygenase products 5-HETE, 11-HETE and 5,12-di-HETE substantially exceeds the total amount of PGE2 and other cyclo-oxygenase metabolites that are generated concurrently, and the endogenous lipoxygenase products regulate neutrophil function. The present data indicate that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) bidirectionally modulates the activity of the lipoxygenase pathway of human neutrophils in vitro. Normal plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol enhance the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid, whereas higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol exert a suppressive effect that is consistent with its role as a hydroperoxide scavenger.