Adsorption of polyelectrolyte on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles and the stability of colloidal dispersions

How to prevent flocculation is a universal problem in synthesis and application of nanoparticles. Because of high surface activity, nanoparticles tend to form large di-mension of aggregates with some loose contact interface. When solid particles are suspended in polyelectrolyte so-lution, polymer chains are adsorbed on the surface of par-ticles and they render to stabilize the corresponding parti-cles. The stabilizing property of polyelectrolytes is the reason for wide application in many fiel…     

Modeling Experiment of Break of Debris-Flow Dam

Glaciers are extensively developed in the southwest of Tibet and the moraines are widely distributed with large depth. Large-scale debris flows are often reported which blocked rivers and formed dams. In this paper, seven large debris flows in four valleys are discussed, among which five dams developed. 13 sets of experiments have been conducted in laboratory to simulate the formation and failure of the dam. Finally, a model of dam failure is proposed and a formula is established to calculate the flood discharge： Q=kbnnk/TB^-/LG^0.1,where bk is the outlet width of the dam at the original water level, hk the erosive depth, T the time from overflow to final state of failure, the average width of lake; L the length of the lake, and G the total potential energy of the water in the lake.     

Assessment of the Impact of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the Tourist Scenery in Tibet

This article briefly makes account of the characters of the tourist resources along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. According to the diversity and distinctiveness of the natural landscape along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, its scientific studying values, aesthetic values and cultural values are summaized in this text. The article analysed the main types of construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway which would cause impacts to the landscapes along the line： roadbed construction, grounds of fetching and abandoning soil, sand and gravel material field, pavement for constructon, construction camp, etc. The impacts caused by construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to the tourist scenery in Tibet are raised and the preventive and restorative measures needed to be taken to reduce and ease up the impacts of the railway project to the landscapes long the line are offered. The various measures raised above are in line with the characters of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and are operational.     

Algebraically explicit analytical solutions of unsteady conduction with variable thermal properties in cylindrical coordinate

The analytical solutions of unsteady heat conduction with variable thermal properties(thermal conductivity,density and specific heat are functions of temperature or coordinates)are meaningful in theory.In addition,they are very useful to the computational heat conduction to check the numerical solutions and to develop numerical schemes,grid generation methods and so forth.Such solutions in rectangular coordinates have been derived by the authors.Some other solutions for 1-D and 2-D axisymmetrical heat conduction in cylin drical coordinates are given in this paper to promote the heat conduction theory and to develop the relative computational heat conduction.     

Convergence of Fuzzy Set Sequences

There are more than one mode of convergence with respect to the fuzzy set sequences. In this paper, common six modes of convergence and their relationships are discussed. These six modes are convergence in uniform metric D, convergence in separable metric Dp or Dp*, 1≤p<∞, convergence in level set, strong convergence in level set and weak convergence. Suitable counterexamples are given. The necessary and sufficient conditions of convergence in uniform metric D are described. Some comments on the convergence of LR-fuzzy number sequences are represented.     

Molecular evolution of scorpion a-toxins----Accelerated substitutions and functional divergence

Scorpion a-toxins are a family of toxic proteins with similar scaffold, but possess divergent pharmacological properties. Analysis of cDNA sequences reveals that the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site ( K ) for 5' and 3' UTRs are smaller than those per synonymous site ( Ks) for the mature peptide-coding sequences, whereas the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site (-Ka) are close to or larger than Ks values for relevant pairs of cDNAs. These results, together with phylogenetic analysis, indicate that scorpion a-toxins have evolved by accelerated substitutions in the mature toxin regions. In addition, the 15 amino acids, absolutely conserved in all the scorpion a-toxins described so far. are mostly located in molecular interior, which may be involved in structural constraints for stabilizing the CSa(3 fold in evolution of these molecules. Four hot spot mutation sites in the molecular surface are found to distribute in the putative functional regions of a-toxins. suggesting that positive Darwinian selection drives the accelerated evolution of scorpion a-toxins. These findings reasonably explain the relationship between three-dimensional structure conservation and functional divergence of scorpion a-toxins and are of important value in guiding us in our engineering experiments to obtain higher affinity ligands to Na+ channels.     

Patterns of Thematic Progression

This paper discusses about how to use the theory of thematic progression in translation. Some linguists have talked about thematic progression in their works, but most of them are related to stylistics. This paper will pay much attention to the relationship between the patterns of thematic progression and the translation between English and Chinese, and how to use thematic progression in understanding and translating between English and Chinese.     

Trend of urban system structure under the restriction of water and land resources in Xinjiang

On the basis of studies on water and land resources affecting urban development and urban system structure in Xinjiang, this paper analyzes the utilization status and shortage of urban water resources. It is considered that both the consumption and waste of urban water resources are in an increase trend. Most cities and towns in Xinjiang are in shortage of water resources, however, waste of water resources are serious, especially in small towns. The development of the megapolis and moderate cities is evidently restricted by limited land resources. Though there are relatively large spaces of expanding the small cities and towns, the output benefits of water and land resources are low. In order to achieve the ordinal expansion of urban system structure in Xinjiang, it is suggested to take the urban spatial development pattern of ＂one circle and three belts＂ and the resources-economized strategy in the rapid development of urbanization.     

The Necessity of Variety of Textbook in Course Design

The existing textbook used in Intensive Reading class in English Department is not satisfactory according to an investi- gation made by the authors.Some investigations show:the texts are too easy,and monotonous both in content and style. Due to this,teachers also have the difficulty to teach this course in an interesting way.So suggestions should be made both on the change of textbook and teaching methods.Now we have to confront with an urging task:prosperity of textbooks is necessary and significant in course design and teaching reform.     

Use of Ionic Liquid as Green Catalyst, Reagent as Well as Reaction Medium in Chemical Transformations

1 Introduction The toxic and volatile nature of many organic solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons that are widely used in organic synthesis have posed a serious threat to the environment. Thus, design of organic solvent-free reaction and use of alternative green solvents like water, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids have received tremendous attention in recent times in the area of green synthesis. The ionic liquids have been the subject of considerable current interest as envi…     

离子液体在有机合成中的应用

离子液体是在常温及附近温度下为液体的离子物质,由于其具有不易燃、不挥发、可以重复使用、对环境友好等特性,因而是一类良好的有机溶剂.在离子液体中进行的反应比在传统有机溶剂中进行的反应更快、更容易.通过选择合适的离子液体,可以提高反应产率和减少副产物的生成.因此,在有机合成中具有广阔的应用前景.     

功能性离子液体在聚合物阻燃中的应用

离子液体具有高热稳定性、不挥发和良好的溶解性,常作为绿色溶剂和催化剂使用.近年来,离子液体在聚合物阻燃中的应用呈增长趋势.综述了离子液体在聚合物中的阻燃应用研究与进展,重点阐述了离子液体阻燃的主要种类与合成、阻燃机理、作用方式以及在不同聚合物中的阻燃应用.离子液体催化成炭以及多元素协效的阻燃机理普遍被人们接受.就离子液...     

酸性离子液体［BMIM］HSO4的合成及其物化性能

 以N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐(［BMIM］HSO₄)室温离子液体, 对产物进行了表征, 测定了相关物化性能, 如密度、表面张力、黏度、电导率等,并考察了该离子液体的溶剂性能。实验发现, 该离子液体电导率与常见离子液体电导率相当,并符合Arrhenius方程, 密度、表面张力、黏度均随温度升高而减小。该离子液体与多数常规溶剂互溶, 并对金属氧化物具有一定的溶解度, 为在离子液体中直接电解金属氧化物奠定了基础。     

溴化N-正丙基吡啶的合成及其在水中的电导率研究

用溴代正丙烷与吡啶合成了离子液体溴化N-正丙基吡啶,并对其结构进行红外光谱表征,表明合成产物为目标产物。对离子液体溴化N-正丙基吡啶进行紫外光谱分析,测定了其在水、乙醇、乙腈三种溶剂中的紫外光谱。实验结果表明离子液体溴化N-正丙基吡啶的紫外吸收光谱受到溶剂极性和酸碱性的影响,在对离子液体与其他溶剂的混合溶液进行紫外光谱分析时,要指明所使用的溶剂。测定了不同质量摩尔浓度离子液体溴化N-正丙基吡啶在水中的电导率,将测得的电导率对质量摩尔浓度进行拟合,得到经验方程式:y=18.903 03-60.532 49/(1+exp((C+0.937 58)/1.073 67)),相关系数为0.999 59,结果表明离子液体溴化N-正丙基吡啶的电导率随质量摩尔浓度的增大而增大。     

离子液体与有机物溶解性的理论研究及应用进展

离子液体作为一种新型绿色溶剂,具有比传统溶剂更加优良的特性.对不同有机物在离子液体中的溶解规律和离子液体作为溶质在不同类型有机溶剂中的溶解性进行了归纳,讨论了其目前理论和应用研究进展.     

溴化N-乙基吡啶制备和溶解性的研究

实验用溴代N-乙烷和吡啶合成了溴化N-乙基吡啶离子液体中间体,优化了实验条件,使产率有了很大提高,并且经过重结晶,提高了产品纯度。用红外光谱对其结构进行表征,根据峰的位置确定了产物的官能团,表明合成了目标产物。测定了溴化N-乙基吡啶在乙醇、乙腈和水中的紫外光谱,实验结果表明,溶剂的极性和酸碱性均对溴化N-正乙基吡啶的紫外吸收光谱产生影响。用熔点测定仪测定了溴化N-乙基吡啶的熔点为145℃。测定了溴化N-乙基吡啶在不同溶剂中的溶解性,溴化N-乙基吡啶在乙腈、乙醇、甲醇、水和三氯甲烷中有良好的溶解性;在乙醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、四氯化碳和环己烷中均不溶或者难溶。     

离子液体中纤维素的溶解及再生特性

探讨了不同来源纤维素在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯代盐(［bmim］Cl)中的溶解性能,并采用红外光谱、X-射线衍射及热重分析等手段对木浆纤维素在离子液体［bmim］Cl中溶解和再生前后的结构变化进行了分析。结果表明,未经活化的纤维素可直接溶解于离子液体［bmim］Cl 而不发生其它衍生化反应,原纤维素聚合度越低,溶解越容易。再生纤维素分子量较原纤维素有所降低,结晶状态由纤维素Ⅰ转变为纤维素Ⅱ,再生后纤维素热分解温度降低,热稳定性略有下降。     

咪唑类离子液体的亲疏水性对电润湿器件性能的影响

文中研究离子液体应用于电润湿显示器件的导电流体性能. 选取极性较大的乙基咪唑为离子液体的阳离子,改变阴离子的亲疏水性,对比了几种离子液体的温度窗口、粘度等物理性质,并重点研究了离子液体亲疏水性对电润湿特性、油墨萃取、器件响应等方面的影响. 同时,在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体的阳离子上添加羟基基团,得到具有更强亲水性的离子液体. 结果表明：亲水性高的离子液体在介电材料含氟聚合物表面的初始接触角比较大,对油墨中染料的萃取程度比疏水性离子液体弱,证明了电润湿器件更适合选取亲水性高的离子液体作为导电流体. 最后,以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑二腈胺盐离子液体作为导电流体制备的电润湿器件得到了较佳的电学和光学响应性能.     

[bmim]BF4离子液体的制备及其催化酯化反应研究

本文采用一步环合法合成了N-甲基咪唑,再由N-甲基咪唑和溴代正丁烷合成了中间体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,中间体再经过离子交换得到1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[bmim]BF4）离子液体．在该离子液体介质中,氯苄和乙酸钠反应高效合成了乙酸苄酯．结果表明：以[bmim]BF4为溶剂和催化剂乙酸钠与苄氯的摩尔比为1．4：1,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2．5h,氯苄转化率可达95％．而且产物易于分离,离子液体可重复使用．中间体和产物结构经Fr—IR表征．