多准则决策评价系统设计

针对产品设计中方案设计与评价的复杂的决策问题 ,研究并设计了基于知识的 ,有限方案的多准则决策评价系统 .文章从系统的体系结构、功能结构、数据结构、工作机制 ,以及实现途径等方面进行了阐述 .首先综合考虑技术及经济等各项设计指标 ,建立并维护多准则的决策指标模型 ;然后以知识库、模型库、数据库、方法库等信息源为基础 ,设计各种信息处理工具 ,包括知识处理工具、方案处理工具、多准则决策评价工具 ;综合运用知识推理以及多准则决策评价方法 ,按评价指标模型 ,对有限的待选方案进行评价与排序 ,最后综合分析的结果为复杂的方案论证过程提供科学的决策依据.     

基于序关系的多准则粗集决策方法及应用

从序关系的角度研究多准则决策问题,提出了基于序关系和粗糙集理论的多准则决策方法的系统流程.针对传统定性转换方法信息丢失和导致信息表不一致的缺陷,提出了一种新的定量转换方法,将有序表转换成两两比较表.给出了基于粗糙集的改进RG序规则挖掘算法,并将其应用于两两比较表上以获取供决策使用的排序规则.最后,将该决策方法应用于航材偏好选址问题,决策结果说明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

PCA方法及其在多准则评估模型中的应用研究

在多准则情况下，对项目或方案进行综合、全面评估是当今管理领域的热门话题之一。目前解决这一问题的研究方法主要有两类，一类是融进管理者主观偏好的政策偏向的综合评估方法，另一类是完全客观地单从数据指标进行综合评估。二者作为支持评估乃至政策、决策的重要手段，相辅相成，缺一不可。本文介始的ＰＣＡ方法属于后者。本文系统地归纳了求解多准则评估模型的基本思想，介绍了ＰＣＡ方法的基本原理，应用特点和具体算法。最后结合作者在实际综合评估系统中对该方法的应用展开了深入细致的分析和讨论，并给出了一些进一步构造单一准测的方法和实验对比结果。     

基于突变理论与模糊集的复杂系统多准则决策

针对复杂系统的多准则决策通常具有模糊性和突变理论适合处理具有矛盾性的多准则决策问题的特点,提出了基于突变理论和模糊集的方法对多准则决策问题进行分析建模,并对该方法的灵敏度进行了分析。该方法利用归一公式机理本身来确定各指标对各目标重要性的确定性量化,因而不需要额外考虑指标间的主观权重,所以能够较好地处理复杂系统决策的模糊性。给出了应用改方法的具体步骤,并以一个导弹选型决策问题实例验证了该方法的合理性和可行性。     

基于前景理论的两阶段群体信息集结方法

前景理论可以有效解决多准则决策中实际行为与期望效用之间的差异。针对多准则群体决策问题,提出一种基于前景理论的两阶段信息集结方法。第一阶段,运用中位数法设定参考点,界定决策者权重区间,以单准则下方案综合前景值最大建立非线性规划模型;第二阶段,以所有方案综合前景值最大为目标,构建多准则决策优化模型,并进行方案排序。最后运用案例说明了方法的可行性。     

企业集成的评价准则

就企业集成的概念、作用及现有的企业集成框架进行了讨论,将企业集成定位于辅助决策者作出正确的决策。同时就企业集成的组织和功能,包括将活动、决策、资源和信息流整合到一个统一的系统中,以及企业集成的评价准则进行了探讨。在参考其他类型信息系统评价准则的基础上,从集成与扩展能力、表达能力和决策支持能力等方面给出企业集成的评价准则。     

基于粗糙集的随机多准则决策方法

针对有偏好信息并且准则权重信息不确定的随机多准则决策问题,提出了一种基于粗糙集的随机多准则决策方法.该方法首先根据形式化的偏好信息,利用构造的偏好信息系统准则约简理论对准则集合进行约简,降低问题的复杂程度,然后计算每个方案的净流分值并通过其大小确定方案的最终排序.最后实例说明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

软系统方法论与软科学哲学

软系统方法论是一个非常重要的学科,它与科学哲学相互影响、相互作用和相互促进。本文着重分析软系统方法论的哲学基础,以及从硬系统方法论到软系统方法论的哲学基础的变迁,认为硬 / 软系统方法论之间的关系及其在科学哲学中的表现是互斥互补的关系。软科学哲学一词是库恩在《结构后的路》(2000)一书中提出来的。在我国研究和发展软系统方法论和软科学哲学是十分必要的。     

非独立准则的MCDM问题权重确定方法

在很多多准则决策(MCDM)问题中,准则之间都是存在关联的.由于准则的替代和互补关系,综合评价时不仅要确定准则的权重还要确定准则间的相互关系,因此给决策者的工作带来很大困难.文章在分析了准则间非独立的MCDM问题的性质的基础上,提出了利用已知的样本数据以及专家事先给定的部分偏好权重信息情况下确定相关联准集权重的方法,并在最后给出算例.     

多准则模糊决策的Vague集方法

对模糊环境下的多准则决策问题,指出了采用Vague集进行多准则模糊决策的现有记分函数的不足,根据Vague集隶属度、非隶属度的之间的大小关系,对由Vague值组成的集合进行划分,提出新的记分函数法以及加权记分函数法.并用Vague集描述方案关于准则集的满足程度与不满足程度,即准则的权重也由Vague集表示.这种方法为决策者做出最优决策提供了一种方便有效的方法.     

Developing an Information System for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Alborz Watershed, Northern Iran

This article explores the potentials of systems analysis and design of information system for sustainable natural resource management. Soft and hard system analyses were performed to better understand the information needs and design of an information system for improving decision making for achieving sustainable natural resource management. In order to analyze the complex and soft systems situations for developing an effective information system, which meets related actors’ changing needs, a conceptual model inspired by soft systems methodology (SSM) was developed. This model is based on information derived from twelve farmers who were purposely selected to represent diverse conditions and 23 agricultural extension experts across the Alborz Watershed in Mazandaran Province, located in northern Iran. Since a conceptual model resulting from SSM is not in itself sufficient as the basis for the implementation of information systems, a hard system methodology was used to structure the data handling by using unified modeling language. This research has shown the promising potentiality of using soft system analysis methodology as a preliminary step to the actual design of an information system in the natural resource management situation in the watershed system level when combined with hard system analysis methods.     

Application of SSM in tackling problematical situations from academicians’ viewpoints

In recent years, a wide variety of studies have applied soft systems methodology (SSM) to address the complexities of the messy situations. This paper seeks to identify 1) application areas and 2) application levels of the use of SSM in dealing with problematical situations. To do so, 149 articles published between 2000 and 2015 were studied. The findings revealed the application of SSM in new application areas such as sustainable development, knowledge management and project management. The results of this study also indicated that researchers applied SSM at three levels: SSM as a process of inquiry, SSM as an action-oriented methodology, and the hybrid use of SSM. Based on the findings, SSM at the level of a single methodology for bringing out changes has been less welcomed by researchers, but the application levels of inquiry processes and hybrid approaches have been more utilized. This suggests that in the correspondence of SSM with the nature or situation of problems, a sort of incommensurability is witnessed. Factors arising from the nature of the problem, inadequate mastery of the researcher over SSM or the limitations of SSM can exert an influence on this incommensurability.     

Suggestions for New Application Areas for Soft Systems Methodology in the Information Age

Soft systems methodology (SSM) is now 40?years old. Another decade has passed since Checkland??s thirty year retrospective on the methodology, published in 2000. It can now be described as an old methodology. But it has adapted and changed over the years and is still very much alive, although the days are long gone when it was mainly developed and practised by its founders at the University of Lancaster. Interestingly, considering that many applications of SSM over the years have been to information systems, it was developed before the age of personal computers and the Internet. The way SSM is viewed has changed over the years as it has been applied to various types of problem situation. Every use of SSM will potentially hold methodological lessons in addition to those about the situation of concern; these may include SSMs framework of ideas, processes and way of use. How is SSM going to change in the future? This will depend in part on the types of problem situation to which it is applied. This paper examines some problem situations associated with emerging technologies in the information age to which SSM has not yet been much applied. These include computer simulation and virtual reality, ubiquitous computing and the design of cities, Information Technology Service Management and the design of enterprise information architectures. Some of the different worldviews associated with these problem situations which could be explored using SSM are noted.     

优序法在管理成果评价中的应用

在对管理成果进行评价时 ,首先要建立指标体系 ,而在这些指标当中有的可以定量描述 ,有的只能定性来描述 ,所以在评价时应当将定性和定量指标进行综合考虑。优序法就是通过对多目标决策问题进行两两相对比较 ,最后给出全部方案的优序排序。此方法应用简单 ,既能处理定量问题 ,又能处理定性问题。在建立管理成果指标体系的基础上 ,利用优序法 ,给出了管理成果评价方法。     

Soft System Dynamics Methodology in Action: A study of the Problem of Citizen Insecurity in an Argentinean Province

This paper illustrates an application of soft system dynamics methodology (SSDM). SSDM arose as a fusion of two well-known methodologies in the systems movement: system dynamics (SD) and soft systems methodology (SSM). SSDM includes 10 steps to orchestrate and implant change in social systems, based on a multimethodological and multiparadigmatic approach as an outcome of the combination of the mentioned methodologies. After a brief introduction, the paper starts by briefly explaining SSM and SD, their stages and their problematical issues as systemic methodologies, then goes on to explain SSDM, its philosophical roots and stages, ending with a comparison among the three. It then introduces the citizen insecurity problem in Argentina, specifically in Mendoza Province, where SSDM was applied to analyze this issue. The paper concludes with an explanation of the learning points that arose from the use of SSDM in this study and suggestions for further research on citizen security and SSDM.     

Systemic Design for Applying the Combined Use of SSM and CDA to Social Practices

In this paper, we propose a framework for applying the combined use of soft systems methodology (SSM) and critical discourse analysis (CDA) based on social semiotic systemic functional linguistics to social practices. In the social practice, ‘participation’ mode of Checkland’s SSM is used for ‘problem-solving’ whilst CDA is used to problematize ‘problem-solving’ processes within the practice. During the meta-process of problematization of our research, we used Churchman’s systems approach and its theory of ‘boundary critique’ in order to explore issues such as governance, inequality of power, and social values within the organization examined for this study. In other words, the process-oriented methodology proposed in this paper consists of two processes: that of ‘problem-solving’ based on SSM and of problematization of naturalized discourse from the perspective of CDA and two phases of boundary critique in social practice. A detailed account of a case study of Korean social enterprise is given to demonstrate how our proposed framework of the combined use of SSM and CDA is applied into practice. Reflecting the outcome of the case study, this paper argues that critical social research from systemic inquiry using what we call ‘process-oriented methodology’ is useful to address some of the social and complex issues related to understanding dynamic relation between power and discourse amongst participants in the social enterprise in Korean contexts.     

Bridging Worlds: Information Systems Development Through Cross-Cultural Comparison

This paper reports a case study where soft systems methodology (SSM) was used to help automate a largely manual administrative (examination) information system in a Pakistani university. Various design suggestions for information system improvements, both administrative and IT-supported were made (and implemented) through comparison with another university in Denmark which is well supported by computer systems. An action design research approach with an interpretative epistemology/ontology was adopted. Though the single comparison experience is difficult to generalise, we conclude that SSM (with some adaptations) can enable a socio-technical comparison and design effort and offer a prototype process. The comparison stimulates forward-looking design, but great care must be taken to accommodate cultural differences, and further research is necessary to integrate more sophisticated cultural analysis tools into the design process. The research extends SSM in information system development??from a single situational analysis to a comparative process and can be adapted as a pattern for practitioners with similar automation needs.     

Evaluation of Heavy Commercial Vehicles Brand Considering Multi-Attribute Indexes in China

Assessment of brand competitiveness which influences consumer trends and company's sales performance contributes to business development. This paper elaborates the theories and the main investigations of brand competitiveness, and formulates a comprehensive hierarchical structure integrating multi-attribute indexes, i.e., social, technical, managerial, environmental and cultural criteria. An integrated multi-criterion decision-making(MCDM) model combining with analytic hierarchy process(AHP), grey relational analysis(GRA) and VIKOR is presented to determine the weights of influence criteria and to evaluate brand competitiveness. The utilized integrated methodology has been proved to be valid and practical by the empirical application on three enterprises. The results provide an accurate and effective tool for MCDM problem and also a new guideline for the enterprise development.     

The critical kernel in modern systems thinking

This paper unpeels two influential contributions to modern systems thinking, Beer's viable system model (VSM) and Checkland's soft systems methodology (SSM), and finds inside a critical kernel. It is argued, indeed, that these approaches become coherent only when liberated from their regulative shells and interpreted from the critical position. So much does the critical kernel lie at the very heart of modern systems thinking.     

The Application of Fuzzy Cognitive Map in Soft System Methodology

Facing the issues of structural complexity, on which stakeholders have different views, has increasingly led to the use of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in solving managerial problems. Moreover, the weaknesses of this methodology in considering all point of views and ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed changes have provided the motivation for applying Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) in SSM. Using FCM as a modeling tool makes it possible to combine the views of different experts and form group FCM (GFCM). GFCM has the potential to be applied as a useful decision support tool in the stage of offering recommendations and changes. The methodology proposed in this article is applied to ticketing system of Raja passenger train company. This system, influenced by various policies and views, is analyzed with the recommended methodology and then the solutions for developing the system are suggested in a prioritized manner.