天然棉纤维表面超微结构及其变化的定量分析

天然棉纤维为异质性生物大分子，其超分子结构复杂. 通过对棉纤维细胞壁横切面的微观分析，发现其结构单元主要是微纤丝，异质性棉纤维超分子结构主要是微纤丝聚集排列方式的变化造成的. 利用原子力显微镜（AFM）对棉纤维表面立体结构的直接观察分析也进一步确证微纤丝聚集排列方式的多样性. AFM获得的结构图像是三维立体的，其起伏变化的指标——表面粗糙度，能够定量地表征棉纤维表面超微结构（微纤丝交叉区与平行区）及其降解过程中的变化程度. 对比X光衍射（XRD），红外光谱（FTIR）等跟踪棉纤维结构的变化结果，AFM对表面超微结构的分析能够在更深层次上反映具体结构的变化规律，从而为解决异质性的纤维素超分子结构与酶解效率之间定量关系的研究奠定了基础.     

人胃腺癌细胞系恶性表型逆转过程中细胞骨架变化的初步研究

应用显示细胞骨架的光镜和电镜方法观察表明,MGc80-3细胞质内微管很少,中间纤维数量稀少、构型改变,质膜内缘有较丰富的微丝层,具有恶性细胞典型的、不发达的细胞骨架特征.但经dBcAMP诱导后,细胞质内微管和中间纤维数量增多,分布排列有规则,质膜内缘微丝大量减少,细胞骨架组成、构型、数量与分布均产生与正常细胞大体相似的恢复性改变.这种变化是由于dBeAMP诱导胃癌细胞内cAMP水平的提高而实现的.细胞骨架正常构型和功能的恢复,对于逆转细胞形态结构的改变、细胞增殖的调控和细胞表面特性的改变均具有重要影响,是癌变细胞恶性表型逆转的一种重要的形态和功能表现.     

纤毛虫阔口游仆虫(Euplotes eurystomus)微管类细胞骨架的超微结构

采用透射电镜术显示腹毛类纤毛虫阔口游仆虫(Euplotes eurystomus)的微管类细胞骨架包括纤毛器微管骨架和非纤毛器微管骨架.结果表明:细胞皮层纤毛器中除纤毛杆、纤毛基体微管外,其基体间连接纤维、基体托架、基体附属微管、纤毛器基部附属微管束以及围棘纤维篮等也是皮层纤毛器微管的重要组成部分,各种微管相互联系、聚...     

棉花微丝结合蛋白基因GhPFN1的表达及功能研究

Profilin是微丝骨架的超分子结构和功能的关键调节因子之一.以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsu-tum)棉纤维为材料,分离鉴定了profilin基因家族的一个成员---GhPFN1.同源性比较表明GhPFN1与已报道的其他植物的profilin有着较高的同源性.半定量RT-PCR分析结果显示GhPFN1基因主要在棉纤维细胞内表达,在纤维细胞的快速延伸阶段表达量最高.GhPFN1在裂殖酵母细胞中过量表达导致细胞长度和形态发生显著变化.这些结果暗示GhPFN1基因可能在纤维细胞的极性延伸中具有功能.     

伍氏游仆虫皮层微管类细胞骨架的荧光标记

Flutax直接荧光标记和抗α微管蛋白间接免疫荧光标记显示:伍氏游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分组成的各纤毛器骨架和骨架附属微管,以及与非纤毛器骨架相互联系形成的立体骨架.整个皮层骨架包括口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、尾棘毛和背纤毛等纤毛器及其骨架、纤毛器基部附属微管和其他皮层微管骨架.伍氏游仆虫细胞背、腹面存在网格结构;细胞背面存在成列的空洞样结构;毛基体周围的玫瑰花样强荧光标记,呈现更加精细的网格结构.结果揭示:与其他腹毛类纤毛虫相比,游仆虫纤毛器有了明显的功能上的"分工";细胞背腹面存在的网格是游仆虫细胞表面的真实结构,是游仆虫细胞皮层微管类细胞骨架的一部分;细胞背面的空洞样结构及毛基体周围的更精细结构,揭示出毛基体基部存在着更加复杂的微管骨架.所得结果有利于进一步揭示微管类胞器的功能.     

动力蛋白轻链亚基LC8在人细胞内的亚细胞定位

动力蛋白是活跃于微管骨架上行使负向运输功能的分子马达.从人类B淋巴细胞cDNA文库中克隆得到动力蛋白轻链亚基的基因LC8,将该基因插入表达绿色荧光蛋白的载体pEGFP-C3,获得的重组DNA成功在两种人源细胞内表达.通过荧光实验对GFP-LC8亚细胞定位进行分析,确定GFP-LC8是典型细胞浆定位,主要分布在细胞外周区和微管组织中心附近.当用药物nocodazole处理细胞使微管解聚时,GFP-LC8的定位发生改变.表明融合蛋白可正确指示LC8的细胞定位,可用于进一步研究病毒感染后的胞内事件.     

包囊游仆虫细胞的类中间纤维细胞骨架体系

应用生化分级抽提,并结合DGD包埋 去包埋透射电镜样品制备方法显示,包囊游仆虫营养细胞和休眠细胞中,均存在由直径10 nm左右的单根纤维及单根纤维聚集成的纤维束为结构单元形成的类中间纤维细胞骨架体系.其中,营养细胞的类中间纤维构成的细胞质三维网架,在细胞膜内缘以较密集的纤维网占有了整个表质层,在表质层内缘的细胞质深部纤维形成较松散的网络,网内常见附着有细胞器及一些电子密度颗粒;核纤层位于大核核膜内缘,纤维紧密聚集成网;核骨架纤维网分布比较致密,未见有电子密度颗粒附着.休眠细胞中含有与营养细胞相似的纤维网架结构,但位于细胞内不同层次的纤维网比营养细胞中的同种结构要致密得多,这可能与纤毛虫形成包囊时细胞大范围的收缩有关.并且值得注意的是,在休眠细胞包囊壁的内层壁中也观察到相似于中间纤维的纤维网络,其纤维网均匀和致密地分布在整个包囊壁层中.电泳图谱显示,纤毛虫形成包囊后,保留了营养细胞中的部分蛋白条带,失去了部分条带,新产生了一些特异的条带.结果表明,包囊游仆虫的类中间纤维 核骨架体系,是细胞在营养条件下和休眠状态下都稳定存在的结构,它可能起到比微管类骨架更重要的作用.并且休眠细胞中该体系产生的一些特异蛋白条带,可能是纤毛虫休眠生命活动中的重要蛋白.     

DMSO诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞的凋亡

烟草BY-2悬浮细胞经不同浓度的DMSO处理后发现,2％DMSO处理可导致细胞核染色质凝集或核结构解体,琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示基因组DNA降解成明显的梯状条带,从而表现出典型的细胞凋亡特征．对微丝骨架的进一步观察发现,2％DMSO处理引起细胞内微丝骨架分布异常,造成微丝骨架不同程度地断裂．这些结果为进一步研究微丝骨架在植物细胞凋亡中的功能奠定了基础．     

打浆压溃作用对切短纤维形态结构的影响

【目的】基于植物细胞壁微观结构特征,建立纤维S₂层微纤丝长度与微纤角的关系模型,并计算出适合制备纳米纤维的纤维长度。【方法】利用打浆机疏解将纤维快速切短至计算长度范围,在pH 7.5的碱性环境下对切短后纤维进行压溃处理,观察纤维形态结构的变化。【结果】平均长度在0.41～0.64 mm范围内的切短纤维经压溃处理后,纤维刚性结构遭到破坏,产生纵向开裂,水合Na⁺从纤维端面及表面裂纹处渗透进入纤维内部并产生润胀水化,纤维保水值由125.6%增大至319.3%,有效地破除了纤维细胞壁的P层和S₁层,由此削弱了纤维微纤丝层间结合力。纤维结晶度及热重分析表明,纤维压溃初期(保水值125.6%),其结晶度为72%～73%,热解活化能为75.02～76.93 kJ/mol; 随着压溃强度的增加(保水值319.3%),纤维结晶度降低至45%,热解活化能降低至37.78 kJ/mol,进一步说明了纤维经一定强度的压溃处理可有效削弱纤维微纤丝层间结合力。【结论】针对不同类型纤维原料及纤维形态结构,应将纤维切短至合适长度,可使纤维更易被压溃、吸水润胀及微纤丝化。     

稻瘟菌侵染对水稻细胞骨架排列方式的影响

采用免疫荧光技术成功检测到水稻叶鞘内表皮细胞中微管和微丝的分布情况.稻瘟病菌的侵染使水稻叶鞘内表皮细胞中微管、微丝排列方式发生明显的改变,这种排列方式的改变非常灵敏,且在亲和性互作和非亲和性互作之间差异明显.非亲和性互作反应中,病菌侵染早期微管、微丝均放射状向病菌侵染点分布,至寄主细胞产生过敏性坏死时,逐渐受到破坏而降解.亲和性互作反应中,微管、微丝在病菌侵染的早期则已开始降解,形成短棒状或点状结构,比较均匀地分布于整个细胞,病原菌侵染菌丝在寄主细胞中扩展时,难以观察到完整的微管、微丝.     

Assembly of microtubules at the tip of growing axons

The growth of axons in the developing nervous system depends on the elongation of the microtubules that form their principal longitudinal structural element. It is not known whether individual microtubules in the axon elongate at their proximal ends, close to the cell body, and then move forward into the lengthening axon, or whether tubulin subunits are transported to the tip of the axon and assembled there onto the free ends of microtubules. The former possibility is supported by studies of slow axonal transport in mature nerves from which it has been deduced that microtubule assembly occurs principally at the neuronal cell body. By contrast, the polarity of microtubules in axons, which have their 'plus' or 'fast-growing' ends distal to the cell body, suggests that assembly occurs at the growing tip, or growth cone, of the axon. We have addressed this question by topically applying Colcemid (N-desacetyl-N-methylcolchicine), and other drugs which alter microtubule stability, to different regions of isolated nerve cells growing in tissue culture. We find that the sensitivity to these drugs is greatest at the growth cone by at least two orders of magnitude, suggesting that this is a major site of microtubule assembly during axonal growth.     

Assembly of microtubules from nucleotide-depleted tubulin

In vitro assembly of microtubules from tubulin is considered to have an absolute requirement for added GTP (or a non-hydrolysable GTP-analogue) involving binding at the E(exchangeable)-site located on the beta-subunit of the tubulin dimer. By contrast, GDP inhibits assembly. Nucleotide hydrolysis has been implicated in the dynamic properties of microtubules, treadmilling and mechanical coupling. Here we demonstrate that assembly is not necessarily dependent on the presence of GTP at the E-site; microtubules can be formed efficiently in the absence of GTP in the presence of pyrophosphate. These microtubules, which have normal morphology and lability at cold temperatures, contain N(non-exchangeable)-site GTP and a significant proportion of E-site GDP. This demonstrates the possibility of direct incorporation of GDP-containing tubulin dimer during assembly which probably derives from microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-containing oligomers. This finding has important implications for the mechanism of microtubule elongation. The effects of pyrophosphate suggest that charge neutralization by the bidentate ligand is an essential step in promoting microtubule assembly, and that this interaction involves only a minimal conformational change in the protein.     

Direct observation of microtubule dynamics in living cells

The study of cell locomotion is fundamental to such diverse processes as embryonic development, wound healing and metastasis. Since microtubules play a role in establishing the leading lamellum and maintaining cell polarity, it is important to understand their dynamic behaviour. In vitro, subunits exchange with polymer by treadmilling and by dynamic instability. Disassembly events can be complete (catastrophic) or incomplete (tempered). In vivo, microtubules are in dynamic equilibrium with subunits with a half-time for turnover of 4-20 min. Microtubules grow by elongation of their ends and are replaced one by one with turnover being most rapid at the periphery. Although previous results are consistent with dynamic instability, we sought to directly test the mechanism of turnover. Direct observations of fluorescent microtubules in the fibroblast lamellum show that individual microtubules undergo rounds of assembly and disassembly from the same end. Reorganization of the microtubule network occurs by a tempered mode of dynamic instability.     

CENP-E is a putative kinetochore motor that accumulates just before mitosis.

The mechanics of chromosome movement, mitotic spindle assembly and spindle elongation have long been central questions of cell biology. After attachment in prometaphase of a microtubule from one pole, duplicated chromosome pairs travel towards the pole in a rapid but discontinuous motion. This is followed by a slower congression towards the midplate as the chromosome pair orients with each kinetochore attached to the microtubules from the nearest pole. The pairs disjoin at anaphase and translocate to opposite poles and the interpolar distance increases. Here we identify CENP-E as a kinesin-like motor protein (M(r) 312,000) that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. CENP-E associates with kinetochores during congression, relocates to the spindle midzone at anaphase, and is quantitatively discarded at the end of the cell division. CENP-E is likely to be one of the motors responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation.     

The microtubule aster formation and its role in nuclear envelope assembly around the sperm chromatin in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Xenopus</Emphasis> egg extracts

Nuclear envelope separates cell genome from cyto-plasm in eucaryotic cells and plays a pivotal role in the cell life. The nuclear envelope is composed of two jointed membranes, the inner membrane and the out membrane, embedded the nuclear pore complexes. The out membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ARTICLES inner membrane faces to and connects with the chromatin through the nuclear lamina, an intermediate filamentous network thought to play a structural role for…     

A plus-end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro localizes to the interzone of mitotic spindles.

Mitosis comprises a complex set of overlapping motile events, many of which involve microtubule-dependent motor enzymes. Here we describe a new member of the kinesin superfamily. The protein was originally identified as a spindle antigen by the CHO1 monoclonal antibody and shown to be required for mitotic progression. We have cloned the gene that encodes this antigen and found that its sequence contains a domain with strong sequence similarity to the motor domain of kinesin-like proteins. The product of this gene, expressed in bacteria, can cross-bridge antiparallel microtubules in vitro, and in the presence of Mg-ATP, microtubules slide over one another in a fashion reminiscent of microtubule movements during spindle elongation.     

纤毛虫阔口游仆虫皮层微管胞器的形态及形态发生

采用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记,研究了腹毛类纤毛虫阔口游仆虫(Euplotes eurystomus)中由纤毛器、纤毛器附属微管和非纤毛器微管组成的皮层微管胞器.其中纤毛器、纤毛器附属微管包括口围带及小膜托架微管,波动膜及基部微管骨架网,额腹横棘毛、左缘棘毛及基部的前纵维管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,背触毛及基部的玫瑰花环附属微管等;非纤毛器皮层微管包括背腹面的细小网格状微管,背面的斜向微管层及贯穿于细胞纵长的纵微管层等.形态发生中,老口围带被前仔虫继承,前、后仔虫的额腹横棘毛发生及分化过程中老纤毛器基部微管退化,并且老棘毛及其附属微管可能具有定位和定向作用,但未见直接的物质联系.所得结果为揭示腹毛目纤毛虫皮层微管胞器建构的多样性、细胞皮层微管的分化及其细胞调控提供了基础资料.     

Determining the position of the cell division plane

Proper positioning of the cell division plane during mitosis is essential for determining the size and position of the two daughter cells--a critical step during development and cell differentiation. A bipolar microtubule array has been proposed to be a minimum requirement for furrow positioning in mammalian cells, with furrows forming at the site of microtubule plus-end overlap between the spindle poles. Observations in other species have suggested, however, that this may not be true. Here we show, by inducing mammalian tissue cells with monopolar spindles to enter anaphase, that furrow formation in cultured mammalian cells does not require a bipolar spindle. Unexpectedly, cytokinesis occurs at high frequency in monopolar cells. Division always occurs at a cortical position distal to the chromosomes. Analysis of microtubules during cytokinesis in cells with monopolar and bipolar spindles shows that a subpopulation of stable microtubules extends past chromosomes and binds to the cell cortex at the site of furrow formation. Our data are consistent with a model in which chromosomes supply microtubules with factors that promote microtubule stability and furrowing.     

热处理对HeLa细胞微管影响的研究

目的:用HeLa细胞作模型,研究热处理对肿瘤细胞微管的影响.方法:用不同温度(37°C、、40°C43°C和45°C)经不同时间(1h和2h)水浴处理培养的HeLa细胞后,分别即时用SABC法显示其微管.结果:与37°C相比,40°C处理后的HeLa细胞微管变化不大,43°C处理后,微管开始解聚,并随着作用时间的延长而加剧,45°C处理2h,微管组织中心消失.结论:高温能引起HeLa细胞微管呈现渐进式的解聚变化,微管组织中心具有较强的保护作用.     

Stabilization of microtubule dynamics at anaphase onset promotes chromosome segregation

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle form the structural basis for chromosome segregation. In metaphase, microtubules show high dynamic instability, which is thought to aid the 'search and capture' of chromosomes for bipolar alignment on the spindle. Microtubules suddenly become more stable at the onset of anaphase, but how this change in microtubule behaviour is regulated and how important it is for the ensuing chromosome segregation are unknown. Here we show that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, activation of the phosphatase Cdc14 at anaphase onset is both necessary and sufficient for silencing microtubule dynamics. Cdc14 is activated by separase, the protease that triggers sister chromatid separation, linking the onset of anaphase to microtubule stabilization. If sister chromatids separate in the absence of Cdc14 activity, microtubules maintain high dynamic instability; this correlates with defects in both the movement of chromosomes to the spindle poles (anaphase A) and the elongation of the anaphase spindle (anaphase B). Cdc14 promotes localization of microtubule-stabilizing proteins to the anaphase spindle, and dephosphorylation of the kinetochore component Ask1 contributes to both the silencing of microtubule turnover and successful anaphase A.