Incubation period of AIDS in San Francisco

In a closed population, the distribution of AIDS diagnoses over time is the convolution of the distributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and the incubation period. This has motivated estimates of the infection distribution, assuming known diagnosis and incubation distributions, but the usefulness of this method is limited by uncertainty about incubation. The large amount of information on the distribution of HIV infections in San Francisco's gay community suggests the opposite approach--estimating the incubation distribution, assuming known infection and diagnosis distributions. A non-parametric implementation of this strategy produced an estimate with a median at 9.8 years, increasing hazard rates, and less uncertainty than previous estimates.     

Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients

A recent seroprevalence study of newborns indicates that one in 62 children born in New York City has antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The distribution of incubation periods for paediatric patients is needed to estimate future AIDS case loads from these seroprevalence data. Current estimates of incubation periods for paediatric patients are based on limited data. We use parametric and non-parametric methods to analyse incubation periods for 215 paediatric patients with AIDS whose only known route of infection is maternal. We conclude that incubation periods are longer than previously reported; that there is a distinct knee in the incubation period distribution at seven months which suggests two risk populations; and that there is an increase in incidence which is consistent with exponential growth.     

潜伏期和染病期均传染的SEIS模型的分析

研究了潜伏期和染病期均传染的SEIS模型.给出了各类平衡点存在的条件阈值,证明了无病平衡点全局渐近稳定性的条件,并且利用第二加性复合矩阵给出了地方平衡点的存在性和全局渐近稳定性的充分条件.     

渗流理论在多个染病阶段的疾病传播中的应用

为了研究具有多染病期的疾病在人群中传播所形成的疾病爆发情况,将疾病传播网络研究和生成函数理论与渗流原理结合起来,使得网络的拓扑结构更加清晰和便捷。把染病期分为n个阶段:I1,I2,…,In,得出了由一个染病节点开始在网络中传播所引起的疾病的爆发阈值、爆发规模、疾病爆发时染病节点的平均度、未染病节点的平均度等的计算方法。     

一类潜伏期和染病期均传染且具一般接触率的SEIS模型

研究了一类潜伏期和染病期均传染且具有一般接触率的SEIS流行病模型,确定了各类平衡点存在的阈值,讨论了各类平衡点的稳定性,揭示了潜伏期和染病期传染对流行病发展趋势的共同影响.     

民初无线电报技术经由期刊在中国的传播

目的调查分析民初无线电报技术经由期刊在中国传播的线索,并清理相关文献,为勾勒整体传播轨迹提供理论依据。方法原始期刊文献分析和考证。结果民初无线电报技术的传播涉及27种期刊共83篇文章。其中,无线电报发明家介绍4篇,国内外无线电报新闻16篇,无线电报新发明与应用介绍32篇,无线电报在军事中的应用9篇,无线电报技术原理介绍14篇,无线电报政策法规与会议纪要6篇,无线电报发展历史介绍2篇。上海是传播无线电报技术期刊的主要创刊地。其中,《东方杂志》和《科学》为民初传播无线电报技术的主要期刊。结论晚清无线电报技术主要侧重于初步知识和军事用途知识的介绍,民国初年至五四运动前夕的传播开始深入到学理和更广范围的民用,并出现了怀中携带无线电机、飞机无线电、无线电疗病等新技术,以及国人独立设计、改进无线电报技术的新趋势。     

AIDS相关性颅内病变MRI分析

目的:探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)颅内病变的MRI表现,总结其影像学特点.方法:回顾性分析经我院公共卫生救治中心确诊的32例神经系统型MDS患者脑部MRI表现.结果:6例HIV脑炎表现为半卵圆中心脑白质区对称性多发点片状长T1长T2信号影,4例有脑萎缩;9例弓形体脑炎表现为基底节区和额顶叶、小脑半球多发或单发片状长T1长T2信号,增强T1WI呈多发环状、结节状及不规则靶形强化;8例隐球菌性脑炎中6例表现脑灰质内多发小片状长T1长T2信号影,2例表现为类圆形稍长T1长T2信号影,DWI结节中心可见片状高信号;5例结核性脑膜炎增强T2WIFlair示鞍上池及环池、脑干周围脑膜明显线状强化;4例脑淋巴瘤为大块状及不规则性长T1长T2信号影,占位效应明显,增强T1WI呈明显强化.结论:AIDS相关性颅内病变由于病因及病理的多样性,其MRI表现多样,在诊断时要密切结合临床.     

Recombination: Multiply infected spleen cells in HIV patients

The genome of the human immunodeficiency virus is highly prone to recombination, although it is not obvious whether recombinants arise infrequently or whether they are constantly being spawned but escape identification because of the massive and rapid turnover of virus particles. Here we use fluorescence in situ hybridization to estimate the number of proviruses harboured by individual splenocytes from two HIV patients, and determine the extent of recombination by sequencing amplified DNA from these cells. We find an average of three or four proviruses per cell and evidence for huge numbers of recombinants and extensive genetic variation. Although this creates problems for phylogenetic analyses, which ignore recombination effects, the intracellular variation may help to broaden immune recognition.     

HTLV-III-neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex

The isolation of the human T-cell leukaemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III or lymphadenopathy-associated virus) from cells of many patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presented the first evidence that the virus was the aetiological agent of the disease. Subsequent seroepidemiological studies have shown the presence of HTLV-III-specific antibodies in the serum of most patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC), and in the serum of many individuals at risk for AIDS. Despite these extensive studies, there are no reports of protective effects of HTLV-III antibodies. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies specific for HTLV-I and -II have been identified previously. Therefore, we investigated whether HTLV-III-exposed individuals possess antibody activities capable of inhibiting viral infection. Here, we report that natural antibodies capable of neutralizing HTLV-III infection of H9 cells were detected in most adults AIDS and ARC patients but in no normal healthy heterosexual controls. Geometric mean antibody titres in ARC patients were double those in AIDS patients, and were even higher in two antibody-positive healthy homosexuals. This suggests that virus neutralizing antibodies may exert an in vivo protective effect. The presence of these antibodies indicates an immunological response to HTLV-III which potentially may be manipulated for therapeutic advantage. The methodology used here will be useful in monitoring future vaccine approaches.     

Beagle犬不同生理时期白细胞分类测定

分析测定Beagle犬白细胞分类指标的正常参考值,探讨不同生理时期Beagle犬白细胞分类计数指标的变化规律。采集80只Beagle犬桡静脉血样,采用三段曲折计数法,每单位样品观察计数300个白细胞,用白细胞分类计数器分别记录各种白细胞数,测定嗜中性白细胞(N)、淋巴细胞(L)、大单核细胞(M)、嗜酸性白细胞(E)、嗜碱性白细胞(B)所占的百分比。结果表明,白细胞比例在不同年龄阶段、不同性别间均存在差异,种母犬处于不同生理时期也存在差异。     

血液病患者输注去白细胞机采血小板疗效分析

研究血液病患者输注去除白细胞机采血小板对提高临床疗效的作用。选取解放军总医院2007年12月至2008年12月血液科所有输注机采血小板血液病患者274例(2029例次),根据输注的机采血小板是否去除白细胞分为去白组和未去白组。对两组输注前后24 h内病人血小板计数资料进行比较,用计算校正血小板增高指数值(CCI)来判断输注血小板是否有效。以输注后的临床表现来判断是否发生输血反应。结果两组输注血小板患者的血小板计数与输注前比较均有显著提高(p<0.01)。去白组有效率显著高于未去白组(p<0.01)。去白组NHFTR发生率亦显著低于未去白组(p<0.05)。说明去白组血小板输注疗效优于未去白组,而且能够显著降低NHFTR的发生率。     

广州地区AIDS患者中人类疱疹病毒8感染的检测

目的:检测广州地区艾滋病AIDS患者中人类疱疹病毒8(HHV-8)的感染状况,探讨本地区AIDS患者发生HHV-8感染相关疾病的可能风险。方法:采用巢式聚合酶链反应(n-PCR)法检测患者唾液中的HHV-8 DNA。结果:在广州地区AIDS患者唾液中HHV-8 DNA阳性率为20.0%,而对照组的阳性率为0,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:在广州地区的AIDS患者中存在较高的HHV-8感染。     

常温下肝片形吸虫成虫的体外培养

肝片形吸虫成熟虫体175条在常温下置不同培养液中体外培养,其结果是:在常温下,肝片形吸虫在适宜培养液中可存活10—12天,平均11天;在3类,17种培养液中以1640血清混合液为最佳,199血清混合液次之,台氏液最差,其中又以10％血清1640液为好;不同室温对肝片形吸虫的影响:在20～23℃与11～17℃的室温下,虫体产卵数与产卵天数均无明显差异,但在11～17℃下,虫体的存活时间明显延长。     

活血陪元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响

目的研究活血培元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响.方法筛选已经开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物的HIV/AIDS成年患者24例,且病毒载量＜500 copies/ml,随机分成两组,一组加用东研Ⅰ号颗粒(中成药)和安慰剂对照,观察患者0、12、24w后的临床症状体征、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清HIV病毒载量以及细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、INF-γ)的变化.结果分析中药组与对照组0、12、24w后症状体征积分两组存在明显差异(P＜0.05);T细胞亚群CD4+T细胞绝对计数也有明显差异(P＜0.05);细胞因子两组均无明显差异(P＞0.05).两组病毒载量始终均为＜500 copies/ml.结论中药活血陪元法(东研Ⅰ号颗粒)能有效改善HIV/AIDS患者的临床症状及体征,提高患者的CD4+T细胞绝对计数,协助抗逆转录病毒药物控制病毒载量,但未发现对患者T细胞功能的部分细胞因子有显著影响.     

活血陪元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响

目的研究活血培元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响.方法筛选已经开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物的HIV/AIDS成年患者24例,且病毒载量＜500 copies/ml,随机分成两组,一组加用东研Ⅰ号颗粒(中成药)和安慰剂对照,观察患者0、12、24w后的临床症状体征、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清HIV病毒载量以及细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、INF-γ)的变化.结果分析中药组与对照组0、12、24w后症状体征积分两组存在明显差异(P＜0.05);T细胞亚群CD4+T细胞绝对计数也有明显差异(P＜0.05);细胞因子两组均无明显差异(P＞0.05).两组病毒载量始终均为＜500 copies/ml.结论中药活血陪元法(东研Ⅰ号颗粒)能有效改善HIV/AIDS患者的临床症状及体征,提高患者的CD4+T细胞绝对计数,协助抗逆转录病毒药物控制病毒载量,但未发现对患者T细胞功能的部分细胞因子有显著影响.     

活血陪元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响

目的研究活血培元法治疗对艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞功能的影响。方法筛选已经开始服用抗逆转录病毒药物的H IVA/IDS成年患者24例,且病毒载量<500copiesm/l,随机分成两组,一组加用东研Ⅰ号颗粒(中成药)和安慰剂对照,观察患者0、12、24w后的临床症状体征、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清HIV病毒载量以及细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、INF-γ)的变化。结果分析中药组与对照组0、12、24w后症状体征积分两组存在明显差异(P<0.05);T细胞亚群CD4 T细胞绝对计数也有明显差异(P<0.05);细胞因子两组均无明显差异(P>0.05)。两组病毒载量始终均为<500copiesm/l。结论中药活血陪元法(东研Ⅰ号颗粒)能有效改善HIVA/IDS患者的临床症状及体征,提高患者的CD4 T细胞绝对计数,协助抗逆转录病毒药物控制病毒载量,但未发现对患者T细胞功能的部分细胞因子有显著影响。     

A voltage-dependent channel involved in nutrient uptake by red blood cells infected with the malaria parasite

Growth of the malaria parasite in human red blood cells (RBCs) is accompanied by an increased uptake of many solutes including anions, sugars, purines, amino acids and organic cations. Although the pharmacological properties and selectivity of this uptake suggest that a chloride channel is involved, the precise mechanism has not been identified. Moreover, the location of this uptake in the infected RBC is unknown because tracer studies are complicated by possible uptake through fluid-phase pinocytosis or membranous ducts. Here we have studied the permeability of infected RBCs using the whole-cell voltage-clamp method. With this method, uninfected RBCs had ohmic whole-cell conductances of less than 100 pS, consistent with their low tracer permeabilities. In contrast, trophozoite-infected RBCs exhibited voltage-dependent, non-saturating currents that were 150-fold larger, predominantly carried by anions and abruptly abolished by channel blockers. Patch-clamp measurements and spectral analysis confirmed that a small (< 10 pS) ion channel on the infected RBC surface, present at about 1,000 copies per cell, is responsible for these currents. Because its pharmacological properties and substrate selectivities match those seen with tracer studies, this channel accounts for the increased uptake of small solutes in infected RBCs. The surface location of this new channel and its permeability to organic solutes needed for parasite growth indicate that it may have a primary role in a sequential diffusive pathway for parasite nutrient acquisition.