Prospects for NMR imaging in the study of biological morphogenesis

Small objects can be visualised with a spatial resolution that approaches microscopic dimensions using the technique of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Some important features of the method are described and the prospects for using the technique to study morphogenesis are discussed. It is concluded that NMR imaging, in conjunction with the related method of localised spectroscopy, is capable of producing novel structural information.     

A demonstration of the resolution of NMR imaging in biological systems.

A proton NMR imaging study of several fruit specimens demonstrates the integrity and resolution of this new imaging method.     

基于压缩感知的多角度合成孔径雷达成像

多角度合成孔径雷达（syntheticapertureradar,SAR）成像是实现多SAR信息融合的重要方式．对提高成像分辨率．重构目标轮廓进而提高雷达目标检测或分类性能具有基础性价值．由于各传感器发射信号和测量位置的多样性,实现多角度SAR成像具有挑战性．如何在噪声干扰情况下快速实现多角度SAR成像是一个新问题．本文建立了基于压缩感知的多角度SAR测量模型．通过对测量矩阵的分析,证明多角度SAR测量角度范围、发射信号载频和空间采样位置是影响成像性能的关键因素,研究了目标空间离散间隔对成像质量和分辨率的影响．以上述分析为基础,本文对多角度SAR发射信号载频和测量位置进行设计,构建满足约束等距性的测量矩阵．针对测量矩阵阶次较高的问题,文章提出用分段正交匹配追踪（stagewiseorthogonalmatchingpursuit,STOMP）进行模型求解,在测量矩阵欠定严重的情况下,该算法可以迅速求得模型最优稀疏解．在实验环节．通过分析多角度SAR参数对成像性能的影响,进一步验证了本文结论．实验验证了模型和相应求解算法的有效性和鲁棒性．     

A demonstration of the resolution of NMR imaging in biological systems

Summary A proton NMR imaging study of several fruit specimens demonstrates the integrity and resolution of this new imaging method.Acknowledgment. We thank Professor E. R. Andrew, Dr W. S. Moore and Miss C. Simaroj for their contributions. The work was supported by MRC grant G975-102.     

Magnetic resonance microscopy: in vivo sectioning of a developing insect

Summary The utility of magnetic resonance imaging vis-a-vis insect morphology and development was investigated. MRI is a noninvasive technique that distinguishes between tissues based on proton content and proton environment. At present a resolution of 100 m is achievable. The technique avoids fixation artifacts and allows the detection of motion within the organism.     

Magnetic resonance microscopy: in vivo sectioning of a developing insect

The utility of magnetic resonance imaging vis-a-vis insect morphology and development was investigated. MRI is a noninvasive technique that distinguishes between tissues based on proton content and proton 'environment'. At present a resolution of 100 micron is achievable. The technique avoids fixation artifacts and allows the detection of motion within the organism.     

基于光学衍射的纳米尺度深度重建

传统的离焦深度恢复方法（depth from defocus,DFD）在计算离焦图像的模糊程度时,均是基于几何光学成像原理,并没有考虑光波衍射对图像模糊的影响.然而,衍射现象是波的基本特性,以针孔成像为基础的光学成像系统中必然存在光波衍射.本文基于光学衍射和图像模糊机理,提出了一种精确的单目视觉全局景物3D深度信息获取方法.首先,详细分析了光学成像系统中的菲涅耳衍射机理,建立了衍射模糊与景物深度之间的关系曲线;然后,采用曲线拟合的方式建立了衍射模糊的模糊程度（点扩散函数扩散程度）与景物深度的数学关系模型,结合热辐射和图像相对模糊原理,构建了衍射模糊热辐射方程组,并把衍射模糊深度获取问题转换成一个深度信息动态优化问题.最后,使用标准的纳米栅格模板验证了衍射模糊深度重建算法在纳米尺度相对深度和绝对深度重建中的有效性和精确性.     

The application of the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography for the analysis of bovine milk proteins

Summary A high-performance ion-exchange chromatographic (HPIEC) method for the analysis of milk proteins is described. The technique provides an alternative to other separation methods. The resolution obtained for both the proteins of the casein group and bovine lactoserum is comparable with that of electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels and low-pressure chromatography.     

The application of the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography for the analysis of bovine milk proteins

A high-performance ion-exchange chromatographic (HPIEC) method for the analysis of milk proteins is described. The technique provides an alternative to other separation methods. The resolution obtained for both the proteins of the casein group and bovine lactoserum is comparable with that of electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels and low-pressure chromatography.     

稀疏化的压缩传感超声图像重构特性研究

传统医学超声成像射频信息存储数据量大,传输耗时且成本高.基于稀疏化的压缩传感技术,研究超声图像的稀疏特性,利用离散余弦变换(DCT)对原始超声图像进行稀疏变换,在稀疏域内进行压缩采样获得降采样数据,然后通过求解L1范数重构原始图像.理论和实验表明,该方法可以很好地应用到超声图像的重构中,且随着稀疏度的减小和测量值的增加,重构图像的峰值信噪比(PSNR值)增加,重构图像的视觉效果较好.     

Sur une nouvelle méthode chromatographique pour la séparation de composés polycycliques aromatiques ou hétérocycliques

Summary A new chromatographic technique is described, which makes use of the affinity of anhydrides and imides of tetrahalogenophthalic acids towards aromatic and heterocyclic polycyclic compounds. This method has been successfully applied to the resolution of some problems of analytical organic chemistry.     

3.0T磁敏感加权成像在颅内胶质瘤中的应用价值

目的探讨3.0 T磁敏感加权成像在颅内胶质瘤诊断中的应用价值.方法经手术病理证实的20例高级别胶质瘤和12例低级别胶质瘤,均行MRI扫描和SWI,15例(10例高级别胶质瘤和5例低级别胶质瘤)于增强前后行SWI.将SWI与常规T1 FLAIR、T1 FLAIR增强图像作比较,并对SWI瘤内低信号形态及数量进行分级评分....     

Protein NMR in biomedical research

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a versatile biophysical technique with wide applicability in drug discovery research, particularly for the detection and characterization of molecular interactions. This review highlights in a comprehensive manner the aspects of biomolecular NMR which are most beneficial for pharmaceutical research and presents them as contributions to the different stages of a drug discovery program: target selection, assay development, lead generation and lead optimization. Emphasis is put on the concept of the particular NMR application, rather than on technical details, and on recent examples. Finally, an appendix of frequently asked questions is given.Received 7 October 2003; received after revision 11 November 2003; accepted 27 November 2003This revised version was published online in September 2004. In the previous version, the authors were listet in reverse order.     

基于压缩感知的宽孔径SAR成像

宽孔径SAR数据包含目标不同姿态角散射信息,实现宽孔径SAR成像对目标轮廓重构与解译识别具有重要价值.本文首先提出点模糊函数(point ambiguous function,PAF)研究影响压缩感知SAR成像的因素,然后用模型失配函数(model mismatch fucntion,MMF)分析宽孔径测量条件下点散射模型失配对成像性能的影响.最后根据上述结论,选择发射信号参数改善测量矩阵性能,利用广义似然比检验方法克服模型失配对成像性能的影响.实验结果验证了本文结论的正确性和成像算法的有效性.     

A periodization of research technologies and of the emergency of genericity

According to the historian and sociologist of science Terry Shinn, the creator of the concept of ‘research technologies’: “Research technologies may sometimes generate promising packets of instrumentation for yet undefined ends. They may offer technological answers to questions that have hardly been raised. Research technologists׳s instruments are then generic in the sense that they are base-line apparatus which can subsequently be transformed by experimenters into products tailored to specific economic ends or adapted by experimenters to further cognitive ends in academic research.”¹ Genericity thus manifests one of three fundamental characteristics of research technologies. At the same time, however, each research technology emerges out of the specific disciplinary context in which it is initially developed with entirely concrete aims. Consequently, genericity does not exist from the outset but first has to form, along a path that remains to be clarified. It is produced or constructed by the actors on two levels: as an instrument in the laboratory and as a way of speaking at the representational level. This issue yields the structure of this paper. Three options for the transition of a specific technique into a generic research technology are compared. One of them proves to be the most frequent pattern of this dynamic. This is explored further, taking as paradigmatic examples ‘computed tomography’ (CT), ‘nuclear magnetic resonance׳ (NMR) and its application known as ‘magnetic resonance imaging’ (MRI), together with several additional examples.     

短基线前向散射雷达系统运动目标分辨率分析

针对短基线前向散射雷达系统特性,基于阴影逆合成孔径原理和模糊函数,分别推导了系统沿基线方向和垂直基线方向运动目标的分辨率,解析得到了系统分辨率计算公式;发现垂直基线方向分辨率正比于波长,并首次验证了前向散射雷达沿基线方向分辨目标的可能性;最后利用实测数据验证了沿基线方向和垂直基线方向分辨率分析的正确性.     

家蚕体内不同部位的同步辐射成像分析

以五龄熟蚕为研究对象，对其体内不同部位进行同步辐射成像（包括同轴位相衬度成像和显微断层成像）。研究结果表明，蚕体内中部丝腺的直径范围在3．74～4．21mm之间，其始端距离蚕头部约18mm。而吐丝管则被发现于距离蚕头部顶端1．43mm处，且直径相对较细，范围在7～52μm之间。     

Understanding paternal genome demethylation through live-cell imaging and siRNA

Identification of a DNA demethylase responsible for zygotic paternal DNA demethylation has been one of the most challenging goals in the field of epigenetics. Several candidate molecules have been proposed, but their involvement in the demethylation remains controversial, partly due to the difficulty of preparing a sufficient quantity of materials for biochemical analysis. In this review, we utilize a recently developed method for live-cell imaging of mouse zygotes combined with RNA interference (RNAi) to search for factors that affect zygotic paternal DNA demethylation. The combined use of various fluorescent probes and RNAi is a useful approach for the study of not only DNA demethylation but also the spatiotemporal dynamics of histone depositions in zygotes, although it is not appropriate for large-scale screening or knockdown of genes that are abundantly expressed before fertilization. This new technique enables us to understand the epigenetic hierarchy during cellular response and differentiation in preimplantation embryos.     

NMR structural studies of glutathione S-transferase

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the structure determination of small proteins is now widely recognized; what is less frequently reported is the application of NMR techniques for high-resolution studies of large proteins (M _r larger than 30 kD). We demonstrate here how an integrated approach, using heteronuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography, can provide useful and biologically important information for large protein systems. The dynamic features of the human A1-1 glutathione S-tranferase and the role of the C-terminal region are being probed by NMR; in the X-ray crystal structure, the electron densities for this region of the protein are uninterpretable.