Development of Oxide Ceramics for Application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

1 Results Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are ceramic fuel cells that convert chemical into electrical energy in a temperature region between 650 ℃ and 1 000 ℃.Systems are currently under development for a variety of applications e.g. for both small and large scale stationary combined heat and power systems but also for the supply of electrical energy in the automotive area. The current objectives in the development of SOFCs is to lower the operating temperature from 850 ℃ down to below 750 ℃ in order to improve durability and reduce costs of the SOFC stack.     

Development of Oxide Ceramics for Application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

1 Results Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are ceramic fuel cells that convert chemical into electrical energy in a temperature region between 650 ℃ and 1 000 ℃.Systems are currently under development for a variety of applications e.g. for both small and large scale stationary combined heat and power systems but also for the supply of electrical energy in the automotive area. The current objectives in the development of SOFCs is to lower the operating temperature from 850 ℃ down to below 750 ℃ in order to ...     

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al-based superalloys: A review

Ni₃Al-based alloys have drawn much attention as candidates for high-temperature structural materials due to their excellent comprehensive properties.The microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties of Ni₃Al-based alloys are known to be susceptible to heat treatment.Thus,a significant step is to employ various heat treatments to derive the desirable mechanical properties of the alloys.This paper briefly summarizes the recent advances in the microstructure evolution that occurs during the heat treatment of Ni₃Al-based alloys.Aside fromγ′phase andγphase,the precipitations ofβphase,α-Cr precipitates,and carbides are also found in Ni₃Al-based alloys with the addition of various alloying elements.The evolution in morphology,size,and volume fraction of various types of secondary phases during heat treatment are reviewed,involvingγ′phase,βphase,α-Cr precipitate,and carbides.The kinetics of the growth of precipitates are also analyzed.Furthermore,the influences of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Ni₃Al-based alloys are discussed.     

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni_3Al-based superalloys: A review

Ni_3Al-based alloys have drawn much attention as candidates for high-temperature structural materials due to their excellent comprehensive properties.The microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties of Ni_3Al-based alloys are known to be susceptible to heat treatment.Thus, a significant step is to employ various heat treatments to derive the desirable mechanical properties of the alloys.This paper briefly summarizes the recent advances in the microstructure evolution that occurs during the heat treatment of Ni_3Al-based alloys.Aside from γ′ phase and γ phase, the precipitations of β phase, α-Cr precipitates, and carbides are also found in Ni_3Al-based alloys with the addition of various alloying elements.The evolution in morphology, size, and volume fraction of various types of secondary phases during heat treatment are reviewed, involving γ′ phase, β phase, α-Cr precipitate, and carbides.The kinetics of the growth of precipitates are also analyzed.Furthermore,the influences of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Ni_3Al-based alloys are discussed.     

Metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays: Hydrothermal synthes is and applications as superc apacitors and nanocatalysts

The development of nanotechnology in recent decades has brought new opportunities in the exploration of new materials for solving the issues of fossil fuel consumption and environment pollution.Materials with nano-array architecture are emerging as the key due to their structure advantages,which offer the possibility to fabricate high-performance electrochemical electrodes and catalysts for both energy storage and effcient use of energy.The main challenges in this feld remain as rational structure design and corresponding controllable synthesis.This article reviews recent progress in our laboratory related to the hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays,whose structures are designed aiming to the application on supercapacitors and catalysts.The strategies for developing advanced materials of metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays,including NiO,Ni(OH)2,Co3O4,Co3O4@Ni–Co–O,cobalt carbonate hydroxide array,and mixed metal oxide arrays like Co3 xFex O4and Znx Co3 xO4,are discussed.The different kinds of structure designs such as 1D nanorod,2D nanowall and hierarchical arrays were involved to meet the needs of the high performance materials.Finally,the future trends and perspectives in the development of advanced nanoarrays materials are highlighted.     

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：Materials, Technology and Application

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a clean, pollution-free technology for the electrochemical conversion of chemical energy of hydrocarbon fuels into electricity. Many programs are being initiated in the United States, Europe, Japan and so on. The funding for SOFC development worldwide has risen dramatically and this trend is expected to continue for at least the next decades. These development programs are also investigating wider applications of SOFCs in stationary, residential, transportation and military sectors. Finally, it is summarized the key materials and fabrication processes of SOFC in this paper.     

Review of the fabrication and application of porous materials from silicon-rich industrial solid waste

Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”     

Compound-fluidic electrospray: An efficient method for the fabrication of microcapsules with multicompartment structure

Microcapsules with multiple compartments are of significant importance in many applications such as smart drug delivery, microreactor, complicated sensor, and so on. Here we report a novel compound-fluidic electrospray method that could fabricate multicompartment microcapsules in a single step. The as-prepared microcapsules have multiple compartments inside. The compartments are separated from each other by inner walls made from shell materials, and different content can be independently loaded in each of them without any contact. We assemble a hierarchical compound nozzle by inserting certain numbers of metallic inner capillaries separately into a blunt metal needle. The particular configuration of the compound nozzle induces a completely and independently envelope of core fluids by shell fluid, as a result of which mulicomponent microcapsules with multicompartment structure can be obtained. And also, the number of inner compartments and the corresponding encapsulated components can be controlled by rationally designing the configuration of the compound nozzle. This general method can be readily extended to many other functional materials, especially for the effective encapsulation of active ingredients, such as sensitive and reactive materials.     

Toward the development of Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and ductility by refining grain size via the deformation process

Magnesium(Mg) alloys, as the lightest metal engineering materials, have broad application prospects.However, the strength and ductility of traditional Mg alloys are still relativity low and difficult to improve simultaneously.Refining grain size via the deformation process based on the grain boundary strengthening and the transition of deformation mechanisms is one of the feasible strategies to prepare Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility.In this review, the effects of grain size on the strength and ductility of Mg alloys are summarized, and fine-grained Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility developed by various severe plastic deformation technologies and improved traditional deformation technologies are introduced.Although some achievements have been made, the effects of grain size on various Mg alloys are rarely discussed systematically and some key mechanisms are unclear or lack direct microscopic evidence.This review can be used as a reference for further development of high-performance fine-grained Mg alloys.     

New insights into the properties of high-manganese steel

In the Collaborative Research Centre 761’s“Steel ab initio-quantum mechanics guided design of new Fe based materials,”scientists and engineers from RWTH Aachen University and the Max Planck Institute for Iron Research conducted research on mechanism-controlled material development with a particular focus on high-manganese alloyed steels.From 2007 to 2019,a total of 55 partial projects and four transfer projects with industrial participation(some running until 2021)have studied material and process design as well as material characterization.The basic idea of the Collaborative Research Centre was to develop a new methodological approach to the design of structural materials.This paper focuses on selected results with respect to the mechanical properties of high-manganese steels,their underlying physical phenomena,and the specific characterization and modeling tools used for this new class of materials.These steels have microstructures that require characterization by the use of modern methods at the nm-scale.Along the process routes,the generation of segregations must be taken into account.Finally,the mechanical properties show a characteristic temperature dependence and peculiarities in their fracture behavior.The mechanical properties and especially bake hardening are affected by short-range ordering phenomena.The strain hardening can be adjusted in a never-before-possible range,which makes these steels attractive for demanding sheet-steel applications.     

混合传导陶瓷透氧膜

氧离子-电子混合传导陶瓷氧化物可以广泛用于空气分离制氧、碳氢化合物氧化膜反应器以及气体传感器与固体氧化物燃料电池的电极等，越来越引起人们极大的兴趣．对氧离子-电子混合传导陶瓷氧化物、合成方法以及在作为氧渗透膜方面的应用等作了详细论述．     

基于00Cr17的连接材料抗氧化性研究

设计研究了作为中温SOFC连接材料的4种成分的铁素体不锈钢,试验测定了它们以及00Cr17表面等离子喷涂La0.8Sr0.2MnO3涂层后在不同条件氧化时的抗氧化性能,采用SEM对试样表面生成氧化膜的形貌进行了观察比较,通过研究发现同时添加铝和稀土提高抗氧化性,适合做连接板材料,喷涂也不失为作连接板的一种备选方案,但是喷涂工艺还有待改进。     

固体氧化物燃料电池电解质用离子导体

固体氧化物燃料电池以其高的能量转换效率和清洁的发电而被广泛研究.其中电解质—离子导体材料是影响固体燃料电池的效率和热力学稳定性的关键.作为所期望的电解质材料应满足以下要求(1)高的离子导电,(2)低的电子导电,(3)在使用条件一热力学稳定,(4)好的综合力学性能.在一些荧石相关结构和钙钛矿塑结构的氧化物中通过掺杂和取代形成氧空位可得到高的氧离子导电性.本文介绍了一些这类离子导体材料,并讨论了它们的特性.     

稀土镁合金的研究状况

镁合金是最轻的金属结构材料,而稀土的加入对改善其组织、起燃温度、耐腐蚀性、力学性能特别是高温性能具有重要作用.近几年,有关稀土镁合金国内外均做了相当多的研究,随着节能与环保要求的日益迫切,镁合金的研究与应用也越来越得到重视.本文介绍了近年来国内外稀土镁合金的研究开发状况.     

木材仿生制备生物结构陶瓷研究进展

 以自然界的生物为模板,利用仿生学原理,通过有机-无机转化,获得具有生物结构的陶瓷材料已成为设计、合成材料新的方向。这种生物结构陶瓷材料在光、电、磁、力学方面表现出优异的性能,具有巨大的发展潜力和广阔的应用领域。本文介绍以木材为模板制备生物结构陶瓷的研究现状、制备方法和性能特点。     

锰基阻尼合金研发及产业化国内外现状

 阻尼合金是一类阻尼（内耗）大,能使振动迅速衰减的金属功能材料,按其阻尼机理可分为复相型、铁磁型、位错型、孪晶型四类。利用其制造相关振动源构件,可以有效地解决机械制造及相关工程领域中的振动和噪声问题。目前国内外对于锰基阻尼合金的研究主要集中于对Mn-Cu、Mn-Fe 合金的掺杂改性和对新兴的Mn-Ni 合金阻尼机理研究方面,而形成产业的主要为Mn-Cu 合金,其代表产品为Sonoston、Incramute 和M2052 等。相比于传统Mn-Cu 合金,Mn-Fe 合金具有更好的经济性和力学性能,有望在未来替代Mn-Cu 合金取得实际应用。本文简要介绍阻尼合金的种类和特点,对上述合金的主要研究进展和产业化现状进行总结,为需要减振降噪场合的选材提供参考。     

A high-strain-rate superplastic ceramic

High-strain-rate superplasticity describes the ability of a material to sustain large plastic deformation in tension at high strain rates of the order of 10-2 to 10-1 s-1 and is of great technological interest for the shape-forming of engineering materials. High-strain-rate superplasticity has been observed in aluminium-based and magnesium-based alloys. But for ceramic materials, superplastic deformation has been restricted to low strain rates of the order of 10-5 to 10-4 s-1 for most oxides and nitrides with the presence of intergranular cavities leading to premature failure. Here we show that a composite ceramic material consisting of tetragonal zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminate spinel and alpha-alumina phases exhibits superplasticity at strain rates up to 1 s-1. The composite also exhibits a large tensile elongation, exceeding 1,050 per cent for a strain rate of 0.4 s-1. The tensile flow behaviour and deformed microstructure of the material indicate that superplasticity is due to a combination of limited grain growth in the constitutive phases and the intervention of dislocation-induced plasticity in the zirconium oxide phase. We suggest that the present results hold promise for the application of shape-forming technologies to ceramic materials.     

多孔金属材料的制备工艺及性能分析

多孔金属材料是一种性能优异的新型功能材料和结构材料,具有独特的结构和性能,在很多领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文概述了多孔金属材料的常用制备方法及其主要性能。     

Electrolyte materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) directly convert chemical energy that is stored in a wide range of fuels into direct current electricity, with high efficiency and low emissions, via a series of electrochemical reactions at elevated operating temperatures (generally 400–1000 °C). During such an energy conversion process, the properties of electrolyte materials determine the working principle and operating temperature of the SOFC. When considering the cost and stability, lowering the operating temperature is critical, and this has become one of the developing trends in SOFC research. The key point for realizing a reduction in operating temperature is to maintain low ohmic resistance of the electrolyte and low polarization resistance of the electrodes. In practice, the mechanical and chemical stability of the electrolyte is also a big concern. According to their differences in ion conduction mechanisms, there are three main types of electrolyte material available, namely, oxygen ion-conducting, proton-conducting, and dual ion-conducting electrolytes. In this review, we give a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the development of these three types of electrolyte material for intermediate-temperature SOFCs. Both conductivity and stability are emphasized. In conclusion, the current challenges and future development prospects are discussed.