Gelation of particles with short-range attraction

Nanoscale or colloidal particles are important in many realms of science and technology. They can dramatically change the properties of materials, imparting solid-like behaviour to a wide variety of complex fluids. This behaviour arises when particles aggregate to form mesoscopic clusters and networks. The essential component leading to aggregation is an interparticle attraction, which can be generated by many physical and chemical mechanisms. In the limit of irreversible aggregation, infinitely strong interparticle bonds lead to diffusion-limited cluster aggregation (DLCA). This is understood as a purely kinetic phenomenon that can form solid-like gels at arbitrarily low particle volume fraction. Far more important technologically are systems with weaker attractions, where gel formation requires higher volume fractions. Numerous scenarios for gelation have been proposed, including DLCA, kinetic or dynamic arrest, phase separation, percolation and jamming. No consensus has emerged and, despite its ubiquity and significance, gelation is far from understood-even the location of the gelation phase boundary is not agreed on. Here we report experiments showing that gelation of spherical particles with isotropic, short-range attractions is initiated by spinodal decomposition; this thermodynamic instability triggers the formation of density fluctuations, leading to spanning clusters that dynamically arrest to create a gel. This simple picture of gelation does not depend on microscopic system-specific details, and should thus apply broadly to any particle system with short-range attractions. Our results suggest that gelation-often considered a purely kinetic phenomenon-is in fact a direct consequence of equilibrium liquid-gas phase separation. Without exception, we observe gelation in all of our samples predicted by theory and simulation to phase-separate; this suggests that it is phase separation, not percolation, that corresponds to gelation in models for attractive spheres.     

Ultrafine particles produced by evaporating FeB and Fe Si alloys

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Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND

The detection of electron antineutrinos produced by natural radioactivity in the Earth could yield important geophysical information. The Kamioka liquid scintillator antineutrino detector (KamLAND) has the sensitivity to detect electron antineutrinos produced by the decay of 238U and 232Th within the Earth. Earth composition models suggest that the radiogenic power from these isotope decays is 16 TW, approximately half of the total measured heat dissipation rate from the Earth. Here we present results from a search for geoneutrinos with KamLAND. Assuming a Th/U mass concentration ratio of 3.9, the 90 per cent confidence interval for the total number of geoneutrinos detected is 4.5 to 54.2. This result is consistent with the central value of 19 predicted by geophysical models. Although our present data have limited statistical power, they nevertheless provide by direct means an upper limit (60 TW) for the radiogenic power of U and Th in the Earth, a quantity that is currently poorly constrained.     

强流中子管微波离子源不同等离子体离子腔的对比研究

微波耦合效率（Pi-Pr)/Pi是微波离子源的重要参数,它与磁场强度和分布关系密切。通过对比实验研究了不同等离子体离子腔尺寸、不同引入窗厚度时对微波耦合效率的影响,当离子腔尺寸为100mm,窗厚度为30mm时,耦合效率为100％（磁场分布在最佳模式）。此外还研究了耦合效率与真空度的关系,通过二极多孔引出电极引出系统引出离子,其引出电压为1．8kV,引出束流为30mA。     

中子诱发轻带电粒子出射核反应实验研究进展

本文介绍了中子诱发轻带电粒子出射核反应(n,lcp)研究的科学意义、研究方法和实验难点,对国际与国内的相关研究情况进行了比较全面的综述.对国际上基于n_TOF,LANSCE,ORELA和GELINA等中子源所进行的有关实验研究工作进行了系统的介绍,对国内的实验研究进行了全面介绍,对北京大学团队多年来基于4.5 MV静电加速器以及近年来基于北京HI-13串列加速器、中国散裂中子源反角白光中子源CSNS Back-n等中子源上所开展的实验研究工作进行了重点介绍.最后对国内今后在该研究方向的发展做了展望.     

O／W型乳化液破乳茵发酵条件优化及破乳研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌全培养液对O/W型乳状液进行破乳效能研究.通过正交试验对枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵条件进行优化,以实现最优破乳效果.结果表明,培养温度25℃、摇床转数140 r/min、培养基pH值7.0、接菌量6%、培养时间24 h,枯草芽胞杆菌培养液中细菌生长量最高.相同培养条件,培养时间20 h,全培养液对模型乳状液的破乳效率最高,室温下48 h排油率100%.该破乳菌培养液具有良好抗酸能力及热稳定性.培养液pH值在中性及酸性范围内,枯草芽胞杆菌培养液排油率在60%以上.碱性增强至pH值为10培养液几乎丧失破乳能力.45～90℃热处理会使破乳剂破乳效率稍有降低,温度增至100℃破乳活性反而增加.100 mL O/W型原油废水中加入5 mL的枯草芽孢杆菌全培养液,30 min后排油量为62.056 mg/L,优于化学破乳剂.     

冷凝气体对蒸发制备铁二元合金超细微粒组份的影响

在１３３．３２Ｐａ压强的Ａｒ，Ｎ２两种不同气体中制备了以Ｆｅ９０Ｂ１０为母材的超细微粒．两种微粒的粒径、形态基本一致，但晶化程度及磁性很不一样．通过化学滴定法对两种微粒进行的Ｆｅ含量分析表明二者差别很大．在两种冷凝气体中制取的微粒的组份差别可能是因为不同气体对熔体的活度系数影响不同所致     

燃烧室中煤的挥发份喷射与煤粉颗粒运动和弥散的关系

煤粉颗粒中挥发份的析出对煤的燃烧过程有着重要的影响。当煤粉颗粒进入高温的燃烧室时，首先受热析出挥发份，所以，挥发份的析出方式直接影响颗粒的运动和弥散。本文用数值模拟的方法，特别是用我国数学家华罗庚、王元发明的数论网格方法对不同直径的颗粒从不同数量的小孔中喷射出挥发份的情形进行了研究。结果表明，挥发份的喷射直接影响颗粒的运动和弥散，但挥发份的喷射速度分布和它从颗粒表面喷出时的喷射孔的数目对颗粒的运动和弥散无明显的影响。     

Experimental and modeling studies on number and size spectrum evolutions of aerosol particles within a chamber

A size-specific aerosol dynamic model is set up to predict the evolution of particle number concentration within a chamber. Particle aggregation is based on the theory of Brownian coagulation, and the model not only comprises particle loss due to coagulation, but also considers the formation of large particles by collision. To validate the model, three different groups of chamber experiments with SMPS （Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer） are conducted. The results indicate that the advantage of the model over the past simple size bin model is its provision of detailed information of size spectrum evolution, and the results can be used to analyze the variations of number concentration and CMD （Count Median Diameter）. Furthermore, some aerosol dynamic mechanisms that cannot be measured by instrument can be analyzed by the model simulation, which is significant for better understanding the removal and control mechanisms of ultrafine particles.     

FTIR-ATR chamber for observation of efflorescence and deliquescence processes of NaClO4 aerosol particles on ZnSe substrate

NaClO4 aerosol particles with diameter of 5-20 microns are deposited on the ZnSe substrate. An FTIR-ATR chamber on the ZnSe substrate is set up to observe the structural changes of NaClO4 aerosol particles at crystallization relative humidity （CRH） and deliquescence relative humidity （DRH）. With the decrease of RH （relative humidity） from 96% to 24% in the efflorescence process, the absorbance of O-H stretching band of the aerosol solutions continuously decreases. A sudden decrease of the water peak is observed at RH20%, where solid particles form. Very small amount of residual interfacial water, with two weak peaks at 3602 and 3533 cm^-1, can still be resolved in the FTIR-ATR spectra of the solid particles. In the deliquescence process of the same sample, little spectral changes are observed when the value of RH varies from 5% to 29%. Before the abrupt increase of the O-H stretching band at the DRH of about RH46%, a pre-deliquescence process is observed, i.e. in the RH range between 33% and 46%, there is really a slow absorbance increase for the peak area of O-H stretching band. The O-H stretching band shows an arciform O-H en- velope, totally different from not only the FTIR-ATR spectra of ClO4^- solutions either under supersaturated state or in diluted state, but also the characteristic of the residually interfacial water discussed in the efflorescence process. Such kind of water is considered as pure water, indicating that small amount of water aggregates in the microspaces of solid aerosol particles due to the capillary cohesion effect. When the RH arrives at RH44%, two weak shoulders at 3384 and 3260 cm^-1 can be resolved, and the solid NaClO4 particles begin to be dissolved by increasing capillary cohesion water. The spectral characteristic of the v3-ClO4^- band also shows the transition from solid particles to mainly solvated ClO4^- ions.     

Topography of contextual modulations mediated by short-range interactions in primary visual cortex.

Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) respond differently to a simple visual element presented in isolation from when it is embedded within a complex image. This difference, a specific modulation by surrounding elements in the image, is mediated by short- and long-range connections within V1 and by feedback from other areas. Here we study the role of short-range connections in this process, and relate it to the layout of local inhomogeneities in the cortical maps of orientation and space. By measuring correlation between neuron pairs located in optically imaged maps of V1 orientation columns we show that the strength of local connections between cells is a graded function of lateral separation across cortex, largely radially symmetrical and relatively independent of orientation preferences. We then show the contextual influence of flanking visual elements on neuronal responses varies systematically with a neuron's position within the cortical orientation map. The strength of this contextual influence on a neuron can be predicted from a model of local connections based on simple overlap with particular features of the orientation map. This indicates that local intracortical circuitry could endow neurons with a graded specialization for processing angular visual features such as corners and T junctions, and this specialization could have its own functional cortical map, linked with the orientation map.     

气体蒸发法制备二元合金超细微粒组份特性的实验结果分析

根据热力学活度理论得出在气体蒸发中合金超细微粒与母材的组份关系对Ｆｅ－Ｓｉ和Ｆｅ－Ｐｄ两个典型的实验结果进行了分析，理论和实验表明，在一定的加热温度和气体压强下，二元超细微粒与母材的组份关系不但与各元素的饱和蒸气压有关，而且还与母材处于蒸发前的熔体状态时度系数有关，在非等浓度蒸发时，超细微粒的组份还与熔体的偏析性质及蒸发过程有关。     

氘-氘和氘-氚随钻中子孔隙度测井探测特性对比

为考察在随钻中子孔隙度测井中用氘-氘(D-D)脉冲源替代氘氚(D-T)源的可行性,利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,对比分析使用两种脉冲源时测井仪器的热中子空间分布、零源距区域、地层孔隙度灵敏度以及探测深度等探测特性.研究结果表明,D-D与D-T源相比,虽然在水平或大斜度井段对地层界面的分辨能力稍低一点,但是两者的零源距区的上限值、近源距和探测深度都大致相等,且D-D源对地层孔隙度的灵敏度更高、使用时更安全,在随钻脉冲中子孔隙度测井中可以得到更好的使用.     

低压电场对污泥分离短程化的最佳条件

研究了电场处理污泥分离短程化.通过实验考察了污泥沉降效果受污泥浓度MLSS、电极入水深度L和电压U等因素的影响.由正交实验确定了污泥沉降效率的最佳条件.结果表明,MLSS=3.7g/L、L=15cm、U=53V时,所得到的污泥沉降效果较好,沉降效率η=46.2%,促沉效果随MLSS的增大而变差,L为量筒液面总高度50%左右时促沉效果较好,浓度不同对应的最佳沉降时的电压也不同.经过电场处理后的出水水质比未经处理的要好,且活菌数量较未处理时要多一些.     

脉冲中子法检测煤的全水分

给出了利用脉冲中子发生器产生的快中子的非弹性散射[n,n′γ]反应和热中子的俘获[n,γ]反应,对煤的全水分进行分析的原理和方法.采用BGO(锗酸铋)探头作为γ射线探测器,通过多元回归分析方法,较好地解决了元素间的干扰问题.用脉冲中子法测得的全水分分析值与化验值的偏差不超过0.5%.     

Dynamical transition of myoglobin revealed by inelastic neutron scattering

Structural fluctuations in proteins on the picosecond timescale have been studied in considerable detail by theoretical methods such as molecular dynamics simulation, but there exist very few experimental data with which to test the conclusions. We have used the technique of inelastic neutron scattering to investigate atomic motion in hydrated myoglobin over the temperature range 4-350 K and on the molecular dynamics timescale 0.1-100 ps. At temperatures below 180 K myoglobin behaves as a harmonic solid, with essentially only vibrational motion. Above 180 K there is a striking dynamic transition arising from the excitation of nonvibrational motion, which we interpret as corresponding to torsional jumps between states of different energy, with a mean energy asymmetry of 12 kJ mol-1. This extra mobility is reflected in a strong temperature dependence of the mean-square atomic displacements, a phenomenon previously observed specifically for the heme iron by M?ssbauer spectroscopy, but on a much slower timescale (10(-7) s). It also correlates with a glass-like transition in the hydration shell of myoglobin and with the temperature-dependence of ligand-binding rates at the heme iron, as monitored by flash photolysis. In contrast, the crystal structure of myoglobin determined down to 80 K shows no significant structural transition. The dynamical behaviour we find for myoglobin (and other globular proteins) suggests a coupling of fast local motions to slower collective motions, which is a characteristic feature of other dense glass-forming systems.     

引力子质量对中子星I-Q关系的修正

近年来,研究发现中子星的转动惯量I和四极矩Q存在着一个关系式,即I-Q关系.而且,该关系式不依赖于中子星内部的物态方程,与引力理论相关.因此,对该关系式的研究可用来检验引力理论.de Rham-GabadadzeTolley(dRGT)massive gravity是一种自洽的引力子静止质量不为零的修正引力理论,是目前国际引力理论研究的热点.本论文主要基于该修正引力理论,在慢速旋转近似下,利用多方指数n=0的物态方程,计算了dRGT massive gravity中牛顿极限下的I-Q关系.我们将dRGT massive gravity与爱因斯坦引力中的I-Q关系进行比较,发现引力子质量不会影响I与Q的平方之间无量纲化后的正比关系,但会改变其比例系数.