耐碱凝胶体系的研制与应用

研究了一种新型耐碱凝胶体系,开展了聚合物浓度、体系pH值、温度、稳定性等因素对耐碱调堵剂性能的影响实验。实验结果表明:凝胶体系在30℃-80℃条件下,成胶时间在2d-15d可控,pH值范围在7-14之间,成胶黏度(0.3-2.3)×104mPa.s,突破压力梯度4MPa/m。该技术在大庆采油一厂三元试验区进行了两口井现场试验,见到了较好的增油降水效果。     

凝胶与表面活性剂室内优选实验研究

凝胶与聚表二元复合体系交替注入驱油技术是一项具有良好的使用价值及应用前景的提高采收率技术,为了探讨何种浓度的凝胶体系及表面活性剂的选材能够使该复合体系在油层中稳定性最强,驱油效果最好,开展了凝胶与表面活性剂室内优选实验.首先,通过测试不同浓度凝胶体系浓黏关系及稳定性,优选出了聚合物浓度为2000 mg/L的凝胶体系,其具有成胶时间短、稳定性强及凝胶强度大等特点.同时通过配伍性实验分别对比了三种不同配方的铬离子凝胶体系及复合离子凝胶体系的凝胶强度,结果显示,较之复合离子凝胶体系,铬离子凝胶体系成胶后黏度大,且后期稳定性更强.最后对RMA-1型表面活性剂以及烷基苯磺酸盐进行界面张力大小测定发现,RMA-1型表面活性剂与铬离子凝胶体系能形成超低界面张力,即RMA-1型表面活性剂更适合于铬离子凝胶体系.     

AMPS抗盐弱凝胶的研究

采用AMPS系列聚合物和活性酚醛交联剂,在总矿化度为1×10⁵mg/L、二价阳离子Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的质量浓度为2000mg/L以及温度为85℃条件下,通过室内弱凝胶成胶实验,研究了高矿化度下聚合物类型、聚合物浓度、交联剂浓度及总矿化度对弱凝胶成胶性能的影响。实验结果表明：AMPS共聚物的磺化度是影响抗盐弱凝胶性能的主要因素,高矿化度有利于AMPS共聚物与酚醛交联剂形成弱凝胶体系;聚合物质量浓度越高,形成的弱凝胶粘度越高且稳定性越好;交联剂质量浓度过高,弱凝胶的稳定性有所下降。     

卡拉胶与槐豆胶协同相互作用及其凝胶化

讨论了卡拉胶与槐豆胶形成凝胶的共混比例，最佳膨化温度和膨化熟成时间，以及制备温度和体系盐离子浓度凝胶化的影响。     

XN-P大孔道封堵剂室内研究

针对大孔道地层胶结疏松,堵液易流失的特点,在80℃下采用低分子量聚丙烯酰胺作为主剂与交联剂反应生成一种可用于大孔道封堵的凝胶。该封堵体系含聚丙烯酰胺1.0%~3.5%,交联剂0.8%~1.4%。通过室内实验考察了主剂浓度、交联剂浓度、温度和地层水矿化度等因素对堵剂成胶时间和强度的影响。通过单岩芯物模实验,考察了堵剂的注入性和封堵能力。根据实验结果,该封堵体系成胶时间8~72h,在80℃下密闭保存7个月无变化。在大孔道或特高渗透地层（14644×10-3靘2）中阻力系数20.8,具有27.93MPa/m的强度和93.2%的封堵率;并具有成胶时间可控、强度高、稳定性好的优点,能够满足疏松砂岩油藏大孔道堵水的需要。     

延迟硅酸凝胶调剖剂超长岩心驱替实验研究

延迟硅酸凝胶调剖剂具有价格低,可解堵,便于现场大剂量注入的优点,相比有机聚合物冻胶类堵剂,可降低调剖作业成本近1／2,但在推广应用中,对该堵剂进入地层后性能变化、成胶效果却无法监测和评价。通过30m超长岩心驱替实验研究,考察了吸附及水体稀释等综合因素对该堵剂性能影响。实验结果表明：影响延迟硅酸凝胶胶凝强度的主要因素是稀释与吸附,吸附导致延迟硅酸凝胶体系成胶组分匹配关系的破坏．但是该体系在吸附和稀释后依然有较好的成胶效果。     

新型耐温堵水调剖剂的研制与性能评价

HPAM凝胶是目前国内外采用最广泛、最有效的化学堵水调剖剂,其中苯酚/甲醛体系是HPAM凝胶类堵水调剖剂最常用的交联剂。但是苯酚/甲醛交联剂气味和毒性较大,尤其是高致癌性,严重限制了其在现场的应用。首先,在室内合成了低毒水溶性的羟甲基多酚THMBPA;其次,以THMBPA为交联剂主剂,以多乙烯多胺TET为交联剂辅剂,研究了部分水解的聚丙烯酰胺HPAM与THMBPA/TET复合交联剂的凝胶动力学,考察了p H值、复合交联剂配比、温度对成胶时间和凝胶长期稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,在120℃下,该凝胶体系的成胶时间可在10~120 h范围内任意调节。在120℃下凝胶可稳定存在90 d,在90℃下可稳定存在100 d。     

土著微生物柱浸修复铬渣堆场土壤污染

采用柱浸试验研究土著微生物对铬渣堆场污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复.通过单因素实验测定土壤初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、浸出液pH值及循环淋溶时间对修复效果的影响,结果表明：加入培养基能完全修复铬渣堆场污染土壤中水溶性Cr(Ⅵ),柱浸实验结束后,浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由初始的700.3 mg/kg降低至检出限以下;土壤中初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度越低修复效果越好;培养基最佳pH值范围为7.5~8.5;循环淋溶修复效果好于非循环柱浸修复,循环时间越长,修复效果越好,最佳循环时间为全天循环.     

一种新型高效调剖剂的研制及评价

针对目前凝胶调剖剂普遍存在机械剪切导致成胶粘度大幅降低或不成胶、以及凝胶可控性差等问题,通过调剖剂化学分析及室内物理模拟实验,研究出一种具有成胶性能强、稳定性好、耐剪切的新型高效调剖剂,其室内实验证明聚合物浓度为500 mg/L以上的凝胶体系均可成胶,且成胶体系稳定性好,岩心实验其堵率可达99%以上,并进行了现场探索性试验,取得了较好效果。     

特种凝胶ZND成胶强度影响因素研究

针对油井恶性漏失的特种凝胶ZND在部分油田处理井漏问题上已经得到应用.通过室内实验研究了受ZND质量分数、交联剂质量分数、交联温度、交联时间及pH值等因素对特种凝胶ZND的成胶强度的影响.实验表明:质量分数1.5%ZND+0.04%间苯二酚+1.0%苯酚+1.0%六次甲基四胺+0.1%硫脲,经125℃高温交联16h形成的凝胶体系具有最佳成胶强度,并能在高矿化度和弱碱性环境中保持稳定性能,但当pH小于4时,凝胶将被破坏.研究结果对现场应用工艺的优化具有一定指导作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that