抗昆虫蝎毒素多肽的重组表达研究

蝎毒素是蝎子自我防御和捕食的有力工具,属于活性短肽。抗昆虫蝎毒素多肽作用于昆虫细胞膜离子通道,调控通道动力学特性,是潜在的生物杀虫剂,具很高的研究价值。序列比对分析发现,抗昆虫蝎毒素多肽有高保守性,序列同源性达67%,其中有4个保守的半胱氨酸残基,这可能与其抗昆虫作用的结构有关。但天然蝎毒素蛋白获取较困难,致使抗昆虫毒素多肽的结构与功能研究受限,因此,利用基因重组技术获得高纯度高活性重组蝎毒素是有效途径之一。本文综述了抗昆虫蝎毒素多肽外源重组表达的研究现状,旨在更深入全面理解其结构及抗昆虫机理等,以助推后续相关研究。     

抗痛蝎毒素多肽的重组表达研究

蝎毒素多肽作用于众多细胞膜离子通道,调控通道动力学特性。显具抗痛活性的蝎毒素多肽呈现较高的学术研究价值和医药应用前景。序列比对分析发现,抗痛蝎毒素多肽具较高保守型,序列同源性达45%,均具8个半胱氨酸残基,且其位置相对保守,这可能与抗痛功能有关。天然蝎毒素蛋白的获得、结构与功能研究受限,而高纯度、高活性重组毒素多肽是一条有效解决途径。本文综述抗痛蝎毒素多肽的重组表达,藉此推进其结构与功能相关性的理解。     

蝎毒素多肽与钠通道特异性结合位点研究进展

蝎毒素多肽是一种通道门控调节剂,早先研究发现其通过与离子通道的电压感受域结合影响通道的门控特性。新近研究表明,门控调解剂毒素与离子通道孔区也具有额外结合位点。因此,本文就蝎毒素多肽与钠通道特异性结合位点相关研究展开综述,以梳理门控调节剂毒素的结构与调节功能,为蝎毒素多肽与钠通道结合位点结构与功能的解析提供依据,也为靶向钠通道药物的设计与开发提供参考。     

中华蝎王——山东淄博沂蒙技术开发研究所所长孙纯孝

一提起中华蝎王，人们就会自然想到淄博沂蒙技术开发研究所所长高级工程师孙纯孝，经过20多年的探索研究，创造出“塔式仿生快速”养蝎技术；同时研究开发出龙蝎酒，蝎精口服液，全蝎胶囊、全蝎罐头，焙全蝎，蝎宝灵、蝎毒粉、蝎毒素等产品。     

蝎α—毒素的分子进化：加速突变与功能趋异

蝎α－毒素为一类空间结构高度相似而药理学功能趋异的蛋白质家族。cDNA序列分析表明蝎α－毒素5′非翻译区和信号肽编码区序列的保守性显著高于成熟毒素编码区，3′非翻译区在药理学组内高度保守。而且，成熟毒素编码区密码子第1，2和3位核苷酸突变率相似。非翻译区内每个位点的核苷酸替代数（K）小于成熟毒素编码区内每个同义位点的核苷酸替代数（Ks)，而且成熟毒素编码区内每个非同义位的核苷酸替代数（Ka)接近或大于Ks值。上述数据表明，蝎α－毒素成熟肽编码区内的突变为加速进化方式。这一结论进化树结果的支持。此外，研究还表明稳定3D结构的15个保守性残基靠近分子内部，这可能作为蝎α－毒素结构性限制因素在进化过程中维持CSαβ结构的恒定；4个热点突变区分布于分子表面的潜在功能区，表明正性Darwin选择驱动了蝎α－毒素的加速进化。研究结果合理地解释了蝎α－毒素保守性3D结构与趋异的药理学功能之间的关系。     

蝎α-毒素的分子进化:加速突变与功能趋异

蝎α-毒素为一类空间结构高度相似而药理学功能趋异的蛋白质家族.cDNA序列分析表明蝎α-毒素5′非翻译区和信号肽编码区序列的保守性显著高于成熟毒素编码区,3′非翻译区在药理学组内高度保守.而且,成熟毒素编码区密码子第1,2和3位核苷酸突变率相似.非翻译区内每个位点的核苷酸替代数(K)小于成熟毒素编码区内每个同义位点的核苷酸替代数(Ks),而且成熟毒素编码区内每个非同义位点的核苷酸替代数(Ka)接近或大于Ks值.上述数据表明,蝎α-毒素成熟肽编码区内的突变为加速进化方式.这一结论得到进化树结果的支持.此外,研究还表明稳定3D结构的15个保守性残基靠近分子内部,这可能作为蝎α-毒素结构性限制因素在进化过程中维持CSαβ结构的恒定;4个热点突变区分布于分子表面的潜在功能区,表明正性Darwin选择驱动了蝎α-毒素的加速进化.研究结果合理地解释了蝎α-毒素保守性3D结构与趋异的药理学功能之间的关系.     

东亚钳蝎抗神经兴奋肽在大肠杆菌中的表达

自从 1 96 4年以来Ｍｉｒａｎｄａ等人[1] 报道Ａｎｄｒｏｔｏｎｕｓａｕｓｔｒａｌｉｓ和Ｂｕｔｈｕｓｏｃｃｉｔａｎｕ中的神经毒素 ,蝎毒中一些神经毒素尤其是哺乳动物毒素和昆虫毒素已被广泛研究 .从新鲜蝎毒中制备和纯化天然神经毒素困难重重 ,1 988年Ｃａｒｂｏｎｅｌｌ等人[2 ] 首次由Ｂｕｔｈｕｓｅｕｐｅｕｓ蝎中昆虫神经毒素氨基酸序列推导并化学合成其基因序列 ,且在杆状病毒载体中得到表达 ,自此人们广泛试验将各种属的系列蝎毒素基因重组到大肠杆菌、酵母、杆状病毒、植物等表达载体进行表达 .在中国 ,蝎子及其组织或抽提物被…     

短链蝎毒素BmK38的1H-NMR谱峰归属、二级结构分析及溶液构象

BmK38是最近从东亚钳蝎（Buthus martensi Karsch，BmK）中分离纯化得到的一种短链蝎毒素．应用2D-NMR技术研究BmK38的溶液构象，通过分析其在水溶液中的DQF-COSY、TOCSY和NOESY等1^H—NMR谱，识别了BmK38全部40个氨基酸残基的自旋体系，并通过分析NOESY谱图中dαN、dNN、dβN的联系，完成了序列专一性谱峰归属，标定了全部主链质子和绝大部分侧链质子的化学位移．根据谱峰归属的结果和NMR数据分析了BmK38的二级结构组成并且计算出BmK38的溶液构象．结构计算的结果与前述二级结构的分析是一致的．结果表明，肽段Gln8-Arg17形成α螺旋，而肽段Gly22-Glu29以及Leu32-CYS39构成反平行的口折叠，属于典型的短链蝎毒素的折叠形式．通过与其他OUKTx短链蝎毒素的结构比较，讨论了BmK38的结构特异性以及结构功能的相互关系．     

农杆菌介导抗虫基因转化芥菜型油菜的研究

用农杆菌介导法对芥菜型油菜进行了转化，并对影响根癌农杆菌转化效率的因素进行了研究，建立了以油菜子叶柄为外植体的转化体系．用携带蝎毒素(BmKITs)和几丁质酶(chi)双价基因的农杆菌转化油菜，共获得了抗卡那霉素的再生苗153株，移栽成活21株．对成活植株进行了PCR分子检测，证实有外源基因的整合．转基因植株形态正常，开花、结实．     

蝎神经毒素与昆虫电压门控钠通道相互分子识别的结构因素研究--设计环保型生物杀虫剂的序章

以蝎神经毒素的应用为例,简要介绍运用现代生物学技术通过解析毒素与靶通道相互分子识别和作用的结构因素,设计高选择性和安全性的环保型生物杀虫剂的一些研究进展,并对其应用前景做些展望.     

蝎昆虫神经毒素及其基因研究进展

蝎昆虫神经毒素是一类对昆虫有专一性麻痹致死作用，而对哺乳动物无害或毒性很小的蛋白。因此分离和表达蝎昆虫神经毒素基因，有利于开发研究新型高效生物杀虫剂，并为把该基因导入植物培育新抗虫品种提供必要的基础。另外，此类蝎昆虫神经毒素还有利于研究电压依从性离子通道结构与功能的相互关系。对蝎昆虫神经毒素的研究已成为国内外生物科学工作者关注的课题之一。本文综述了近几年来蝎昆虫神经毒素及其基因的研究进展概况。     

运用现代生物技术防治作物病虫害

简要介绍了防治作物病虫害的现代生物技术的最新研究进展，包括一种转基因水稻新品种、激活抗性基因增强作物免疫力、人工合成杀虫基因以及含有蝎毒基因的杀虫病毒等。     

东亚钳蝎神经毒素的研究进展

蝎毒中的神经毒素是一类具有特异生物活性的多肽物质。开展对蝎神经毒素的研究是近几年国内外较关注的课题之一。东亚马氏钳蝎（ＢｕｔｈｕｓｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉＫａｒｓｃｈ，ＢｍＫ）是中国分布最广的一种。本文综述了近几年来Ｂｍｋ神经毒素的一级结构研究的一些进展概况     

Toxin-induced conformational changes in a potassium channel revealed by solid-state NMR

The active site of potassium (K+) channels catalyses the transport of K+ ions across the plasma membrane--similar to the catalytic function of the active site of an enzyme--and is inhibited by toxins from scorpion venom. On the basis of the conserved structures of K+ pore regions and scorpion toxins, detailed structures for the K+ channel-scorpion toxin binding interface have been proposed. In these models and in previous solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies using detergent-solubilized membrane proteins, scorpion toxins were docked to the extracellular entrance of the K+ channel pore assuming rigid, preformed binding sites. Using high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy, here we show that high-affinity binding of the scorpion toxin kaliotoxin to a chimaeric K+ channel (KcsA-Kv1.3) is associated with significant structural rearrangements in both molecules. Our approach involves a combined analysis of chemical shifts and proton-proton distances and demonstrates that solid-state NMR is a sensitive method for analysing the structure of a membrane protein-inhibitor complex. We propose that structural flexibility of the K+ channel and the toxin represents an important determinant for the high specificity of toxin-K+ channel interactions.     

Molecular evolution of scorpion a-toxins----Accelerated substitutions and functional divergence

Scorpion a-toxins are a family of toxic proteins with similar scaffold, but possess divergent pharmacological properties. Analysis of cDNA sequences reveals that the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site ( K ) for 5' and 3' UTRs are smaller than those per synonymous site ( Ks) for the mature peptide-coding sequences, whereas the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site (-Ka) are close to or larger than Ks values for relevant pairs of cDNAs. These results, together with phylogenetic analysis, indicate that scorpion a-toxins have evolved by accelerated substitutions in the mature toxin regions. In addition, the 15 amino acids, absolutely conserved in all the scorpion a-toxins described so far. are mostly located in molecular interior, which may be involved in structural constraints for stabilizing the CSa(3 fold in evolution of these molecules. Four hot spot mutation sites in the molecular surface are found to distribute in the putative functional regions of a-toxins. suggesting that positive Darwinian selection drives the accelerated evolution of scorpion a-toxins. These findings reasonably explain the relationship between three-dimensional structure conservation and functional divergence of scorpion a-toxins and are of important value in guiding us in our engineering experiments to obtain higher affinity ligands to Na+ channels.     

东亚钳蝎蝎毒蛋白的免疫学研究

应用电泳技术和免疫检测技术对我国分布最广、数量最多的东亚钳蝎的蝎毒蛋白进行了试验研究。结果表明：各蛋白组分能够有效地刺激家兔产生特异性抗体。应用琼脂扩散试验、免疫电泳试验、琼脂单相辐射免疫扩散试验、对流免疫电泳试验等试验方法对东亚钳蝎蝎毒进行检测是可行的。本研究可成为快速、灵敏、准确的东亚钳蝎蝎毒蛋白检测技术。     

Molecular characterization of a K+ channel blocker in the scorpionButhus martensii Karsch

K⁺ channel blockers of scorpion venoms are of important value in studying pharmacology and physiology of specific K⁺ channel of cells. Based on the amino acid sequences of BmP01 previously characterized as a small-conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel blocker, two “back to back” degenarate primers have been designed and synthesized for inverse PCR strategy, its full-length cDNA has been cloned from the venom gland of the Chinese scorpionButhus martensii. The cDNA is composed of 3 parts: 5′ UTR, ORF and 3′ UTR. The flanking sequence of translation initiation codon ATG is AAAATGA, which is highly conserved in scorpion Na⁺ channel toxin and protozoan genes, suggesting that these genes may have followed a common mechanism for translation initiation. The 3′ UTR contains poly(A) signal AATAAA. The open reading frame encodes a precursor of 57 residues with a signal peptide of 28 residues and a mature peptide of 29 residues. The signal peptide is rich in hydrophobic amino acid residues and its length is significantly different from that of the determined scorpion Na⁺ channel toxin. The deduced amino acid sequence of mature peptide is completely consistent with BmP01 previously determined by primary structure analysis.     

Cloning and sequencing of two depressant insect selective neurotoxin cDNAs from Buthus martensii Karsch

During evolution, scorpions have developed the ability to produce a series of toxins. Scorpion toxins, which are reserved in terminal segments of scorpion, serve as the arms for predation and self-defence. They have also been used as medicine for some human sickness. As far as the targets that they act on are concerned, these toxins can be divided