To Introduce a Cultural Sense in Translation——A Brief Study of Non-equivalence in the Associated Meanings of English and Chinese Words

This paper attempts to demonstrate the importance of introducing cultural sense in translation practice, English to Chinese in particular, by examining the problem of non-equivalence at word level in associated meanings and to unveil the cultural aspects projected within. It is also argued that greater importance should be attached to the cultural perspectives in translation and flexible strategies should be adopted in dealing with the problems of non-equivalence in the associated meanings of words of different cultures.     

Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture

Diseases of cultured animal and environmental pollution are very important problems in aquaculture.The use of probiotics in aquaculture has more advantages than the use of antibiotics and chemicals in aquaculture.This review introduces the use and mechaninsms of the probiotics in aquaculture.     

On the development of the GRAPES——A new generation of the national operational NWP system in China

Numerical weather prediction （NWP） has become one of the most important means for weather forecasts in the world. It also mirrors a nation＇s comprehensive strength in meteorology. In 2000, China Meteorological Administration （CMA） established the National Innovative Base for Meteorological Numerical Prediction in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS）, to work on developing a new generation of the national operational NWP system-Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES）, to enhance meteorological services in China in the new century. In recent years, the GRAPES has witnessed a fast development. The GRAPES has been set up as an integration of the model framework, data assimilation, regional and global NWP system, which can be commonly used for both operation and research. In this paper, a brief review is made for illustrating the GRAPES system, including the advanced designs of the GRAPES, its diverse applications in multi-fields, and efficiencies of the regional and global GRAPES in operational applications based on hindcast results.     

Chronological record of the Early Mesozoic underplating in the northern margin of North China—U-Pb chronometry of zircons in the Late Mesozoic andesite from Western Liaoning

Cathodoluminescence spectroscopic analysis of zircons in the uppermost sanukites of the early Cretaceous Yixian Forma- tion in Western Liaoning reveals zoning structures of the zircons in the volcanic rocks. LA-ICP-MS chronometry shows that the central part of the zircons is remnant zircon with a U-Pb dating of 254 Ma,which is consistent with the age of the Early Mesozoic underplating granulites,and that the periphery is zircon crystallizing out of the host magma with a U-Pb dating of 116 Ma,which is highly consistent with the Ar-Ar dating of the host volcanic rocks.Compositions of the clinopyroxenes xenocrystals in the sanukites are similar to those of the clinopyroxenes in the underplating granulites,indicating that the granulites accreted to the lower crust in the Early Mesozoic have been reformed and disrupted by the upwelling diapers of the asthenosphere and taken part in formation of the sanukites in the Late Mesozoic.     

Territorial Features of Atmospheric Environment in Beijing and Impct of Dust-storm

The territorial features of the amospheric environment in Beijing were described in described in detail,and the transportation pathways of the atmosphere pollutants found by the dot aggregation in the form of the meshwork.The concept on convergence belt of the atmosphere pollutants was given.The vertical distribution of the atmospheric pollutants in Beijing was detected by the neighboring areas of Beijing.The sand-dust storm in China were studie by both satellite inspection technology and analysis of atmospheric flow fields,According tp tje dostrobitopms of sand-dust storm sources to impact on the air environment in China,the sand-dust sources insia were situatad in the desert and Gobi in the Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang autonomous regions .The sand-dust surces outside China were situated in the desert and Gohi in Russina,Hazakhsten and Mongolia.A very strong sand-dust storm taken place on the 20th Mar,2002 is given as exa-mple.     

Control of coupling among three major factors for formation of high-efficiency gas reservoir——A case study on the oolitic beach gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin

Through a case study of the high-efficiency gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of key elements such as hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, and reservoir evolution as well as their interplay in the critical moment of reservoir formation controlled by the energy field were carried out, by means of numerical modeling of the energy field. It was found that the climax time for Permian hydrocarbon generation was Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and accumulation of oil and gas has resulted in large-scale paleoreservoirs in paleostructural traps in Feixianguan Formation, a process facilitated by fractures connecting the sources. The paleoreservoirs have been turned into high-efficiency gas kitchens due to pyrolysis, which resulted from deep burial at a temperature of 170―210 ℃ as induced by tremendously thick sedimentation in the foreland basin of Daba Mountain in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, abundant acid gas like H2S produced from thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) at high temperatures leads to extensive dissolution of dolostone in the paleoreservoirs, which may in turn result in modification of the reservoirs and preservation of the reservoir rock porosity. The present distribution of gas reservoirs was ultimately determined in the processes of adjustment, cooling and decompression of the paleoreservoirs resulting from intense deformation in the front of Daba Mountain during the Himalayan orogeny.     

The Similarities of Heart in English and “心” in Chinese in the use of Metaphor

Metaphor is a figure of speech which is often used both in written and spoken forms. There are both similarities and differences in the metaphorical uses of "heart" in English and the uses of its correspondent "心" in Chinese. The same metaphorical uses of "heart" and "心" are discussed in this paper.     

Unusual discrepancy between TOMS and ground-based measurements of the total ozone in 2002—2003

Monitoring the atmospheric ozone is one of the key projects in the atmospheric and environmental sciences, and the decrease of ozone in stratosphere has aroused the interests of governments and public in the world. Mainly two methods are used to measure the total atmospheric ozone in the globe: ground-based observation mainly including Dobson and Brewer ozone instruments, and satellite measurement. The popular satellite products are the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States of America.     

Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Light Emitting and Photovoltalc Applications

1 Results The initial report of polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) gave birth to an intense research effort in conjugated polymers, primarily focused on the development of optoelectronic and electrochemical devices. Significant developments in modern synthetic chemistry, especially the chemistry of carbon-carbon bond formation have allowed the synthesis of various well-defined conjugated polymers and oligomers with optimized physical properties.Meanwhile, these reactions normally require a transition metal catalyst, which results in a problem in materials purification that is harmful to materials physical properties. On the other hand, Wittig and Knovenagel condensations are also famous reactions for the formation of carbon-carbon double bond, which can proceed without a transition metal catalyst.     

Depression and Emancipation——Two Representative Images of Victorian Women in View of Ernestina and Sarah

In the novel The French Lieutenant＇s Woman,the two major female role--Ernestina and Sarah,can be the representative images of Victorian women. Sarah＇s speech and behaviors reveal the spirit of emancipation and freedom,while Ernestina is the conservative and depressed women in that period. Through the analysis of them,the social values of Victorian period are presented clearly. This also reflects John Fowles＇attitude towards women.     

Ramet population ecology of Panicum virgatum in the field —Competitively random growth of ramets and foraging behavior of ramet populations

The authors investigated the heterogeneous size patterns and dynamic growth of the ramet population of Panicum virgatum, a clonal caespitose plant, limited to the space occupied by a ramet bunch and the time of the ramet yearly life cycle, to understand the ecology of clonal caespitose plants in the field, where the ramet bunch generally consisted of more than one genet. Dynamic life tables for ramet populations were established by the replacement of living ramets at the present time with ＂dead＂ ones in past time. These tables revealed stable coexisting patterns of isometric and allometric growing processes of ramets in mass and height respectively, which approximately followed the historic trajectory of a density-independent population. The ecology of clonal caespitose plants is further discussed based on the competitively random growth of ramet individuals, including the scale of foraging behavior. In the field, the ramet population ecology of switchgrass may be a statistical result of competitively random growth of ramet individuals. The foraging behavior of a ramet population could then be presented as a process in which ramet individuals competed with each other for light and grew randomly, while at the same time a relatively stable dynamic growth pattern was apparent at the level of the ramet population, and the functional leaves were placed properly in time and space.     

The Important Role of Context of Culture in Translation

This paper presents the indispensable role of context of culture in the translation of meaning of language in-use,showing it to be the source of contextual background of a particular text and of which the contextual features derive.It pays special attention to the tactics for understanding as well as interpreting words in the light of context.It maintains that the context of culture in which the translator works in mainly affects and limits the choice of words in translation.     

Distribution of diatoms in the water and surface sediments of southern South China Sea

The relationship of species and abundance between the diatoms in the water and sediments from the southern South China Sea （SCS） were discussed, and the key environmental controlling factors were also investigated. Studies show that the diatom abundance is high in both water and sediments in the southeast part of the southern SCS and the varying trend is similar, while in the northwest part, the abundance is low, and the varying trend is different. The dominant diatom species are Thalassionema nitzschioides and Nitzschia bicapitata in water, and T. nitzschioides and Chaetoceros messanensis in sediments. The diatom species of small size and thin shell in water are more than in the sediments, while the diatom species of large size and thick shell in water are less. The percentage of species T. nitzschioides is higher in water of southeast part than in that of northwest part, but it is similar in sediments of both areas. It is shown that the southwest monsoon is the important factor influencing diatom abundance and T. nitzschioides percentage, and when the southwest monsoon is well developed, the distribution of diatom abundance and T. nitzschioides percentage are consistent in both water and sediments of the study area.     

Effect of changes in flow runoff on the elevation of Tongguan in Sanmenxia Reservoir

This paper presents a study of the variation of the elevation of Tongguan, which is located in the backwater zone of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, in response to changes in flow runoff. The analysis indicated that the rise of the elevation of Tongguan, which is defined as the stage corresponding to a discharge of I000 m^3/s at Tongguan station, is controlled by the stream energy. A close relationship existed between the elevation of Tongguan and the superimposed stream energy that integrates the current and the preceding years‘ flow and dam operation conditions. When the flow runoff remains relatively constant and the pool level of the dam has a relatively large range of variations, then the elevation of Tongguan is primarily controlled by the dam operation conditions. On the other hand, if the flow runoff has a relatively large range of variations and the pool level of the dam remains relatively constant, then the elevation of Tongguan is primarily controlled by the flow conditions. These findings are of importance for optimizing the dam operation in order to lower and control the elevation of Tongguan, and therefore to minimize the backwater effect of the dam operation.     

Spatial distribution of Cd and Cu in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area （SZIA）, China

Heavy metal contamination of soils, derived from sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides, and so on, has been of wide concern in the last several decades. The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods. The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils. The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil （LSGSS） in China, and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990. The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd con- tamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992. The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil, but obviously decresed in subsoil. The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation. The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.     

Dynamic of Grassland Biomass in Different Degenerative Stages

The dynamics of plant community and above- and belowground biomass of the different degenerative stages was researched of Kobresia hurnlis meadows of Nakchu prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the aggravation of the degree of deterioration of alpine meadow is, the lower the vegetation coverage, percentage of excellent forage, and biodiversity are. The total aboveground biomass is highest in the lightly degraded stages while it is lowest in the extremely degraded stages. With the aggravation of degradation, the aboveground biomass of forbs increases while that of Cyperaceae decreases. We found that the belowground biomass was mostly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil depth in the alpine meadow with a ＂T＂-shape distribution feature, and with the acceleration of deterioration, the numbers of roots becomes less and less. Meanwhile, the above- and belowground biomass of the different degraded communities was significantly correlated（r= 0. 963）. There is an obvious positive correlation with the above- and belowground biomass in different degenerative stages, and their ratio increased with the aggravation of degradation.     

Contributions of DPOR at Low Light Intensi.ty to Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Growth in the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Introduction Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (Bchls) are two of the most abundant classes of natural pigments, and their biosynthesis is a major metabolic activity in the ecosystem[1]. Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) is an intermediate in the Chl and Bchl biosynthetic pathway of photosynthetic organisms and its reduction to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is a key regulatory step in the Chl biosynthesis pathway. In this reaction, the porphyrin D-ring of Pchlide is converted to chlorin b…     

Environmental and biogeo-chemical process of accumula-tion of iron-phosphorus in marine sediments

This paper discusses the environmental andbiogeochemical process of accumulation of iron-phosphorusin marine sediments for the north aktian of the South ChinaSea and analyzes the relationships between the contents ofiron, phosphorus and calcium carbonate as well as their ex-istent characteristics. The results show that the variances ofphosphorus and calcium carbonate contents with depths areopposite and those of iron and calcium carbonate contentsare almost accordant. It is not only related to the biogeo-chemical process of accumulation of biogenous calcium car-bonate in sediments, which resulted from the fact that themarine primary productivity was stimulated by part of ter-rigenous phosphorus dissolved into seawater due to declineof superficial water temperature and increase of carbon di-oxide content in the glacial period, but also related to ironimpelled oxidation and accelerated deposit by the dissolvedoxygen from the atmosphere and the photosynthesis of hy-drophytes in seawater. The variance of soluble iron-phos-phorus species (Fe-P) in sediment columns can sensitivelyreflect the changes of climate and environment, which sug-gests that the accumulative characteristics and existent statesof iron-phosphorus species (Fe-P) in marine sediments havethe significance as an indicator of the changes of paleocli-mate and paleoenvironment.     

On Figures of Speech in English

A figure of speech is one method of using words out of their literal,or ordinary,sense in order to suggest a picture of image. Figuraive language gives the reader something to look at,touch or listen to and makes ideas concrete and vivid. Figures of speech imply or suggest rather than state directly what the writer intends to say. A fresh,apt figure of.speech, appears to the imagination,.creates mental pictures and makes the writing vivid, impressive and interesting. Figures of speech appear in all types of writing and in speech. Here are the figures of speech commonly used in writing.     

Study on Landscape Pattern in the Jinshajiang Xerothermic Valley Using RS and GIS——Taking Yuanmou of Yunnan as an Example

Based on the data of Landsat-TM in 1986 and 2000 and with the applied indices of landscape pattern, an analysis is carried out on the landscape pattern with its evolution in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province inside the Jinshajiang Xerothermic valley area and a forecast is given on the changing tendency of the landscape pattern in the county with Markov Chain Model. The result shows that the production landscape like irrigated farmland and construction land in town and country as well as ecological building landscape in boondocks were enlarged during 1986-2000. Also the patch shape was regularized and the patch shape index and dimensionality were degraded. The landscape pattern was tattered and the heterogeneity index and Evenness degree were increased but the dominance degree was degraded. The key elements with lower stability cover grassland, water body and bush land. The future transformation of landscape pattern will centralize in construction land‘‘s occupation in irrigated farmland, non-irrigated farmland and grassland, the transformation of non-irrigated farmland to irrigated farmland, forest and sparse wodland or orchard, construction land‘‘s occupation in grassland and cultivation of it into sloping non-irrigated farmland and forest‘‘s degeneracy to bush land, sparse woodland and grassland. The main measures to improve virtuous development of landscape in the xerothermic valley are suggested.