补充精氨酸与运动能力关系的研究进展

采用文献资料法，论述了运动时精氨酸代谢的影响以及补充精氨酸提高运动能力的机制．在运动应激状态下，机体时精氨酸的需求量明显增加，提供充足的精氨酸能明显减少氮丢失，有益于机体蛋白质合成，促进肌糖原的储备及恢复；同时可增加冠状动脉流量和改善心脏功能，增强和调节机体的免疫功能，因此时延缓疲劳的发生和促进恢复有一定的作用．     

补充谷氨酰胺与运动能力的研究进展

谷氨酰胺是人体内非常重要的条件性必需氨基酸,其补充对于机体的运动能力有着重要的影响.本文在介绍谷氨酰胺的代谢过程及其作用的基础上,阐述了国内外关于补充谷氨酰胺对提高机体的运动能力的影响,及其改善运动机体的免疫能力,促进运动创伤后的恢复等方面的研究进展.     

提高食品中蛋白质的利用率

由于混合食品中的蛋白质可以互相补充人体所缺少的必需氨基酸,使之更接近机体对食品蛋白质的需要,从而提高食品中蛋白质的生理价值.     

四种淡水养殖鱼类肝胰脏显微结构的比较研究

动物包括鱼类的肝脏在机体中占有重要地位,它承担体内代谢、排泄和解毒等重要生理功能,最能反映机体的营养生理和病理状态.我们选用四种食性各有特点且具有一定代表性的经济鱼类的肝胰脏(hepatopancreas)进行比较组织学研究,以阐明其机能与结构相互作用以及变化规律,这对鱼类生理病理、环境污染以及进化遗传等研究均有一定参考价值.     

人体必需微量元素锌的研究

<正> 近十几年,我国对微量元素锌的研究比较深入,应用也比较广泛。众所周知,锌是人体14种必需微量元素中较重要的一个,它在人体正常生长和发育过程中是十分重要的微量元素,锌有“生命火花”之称。锌是人体内200多种酶的构成成分,主要以金属酶的形式存在,或做为酶的激活剂,也是体内重要激素—胰岛素的构成成分,能延长胰岛素的生理作用,对机体细胞代谢有不同程度的影响。人体中主要含锌酶有碳酸酐酶、碱性磷酸酶,RNA、DNA聚合酶等在有机体代谢、细胞呼吸、蛋白质合成以及DNA的     

人体肠道微生态概述

人体中微生态系统对维持机体健康和正常生理代谢发挥重要作用,本文着重阐述了益生菌在肠道微生态中的重要作用,对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、粪肠球菌等几种重要的肠道益生菌进行了详细的介绍,并简要讨论微生态制剂应用现状及安全性评估.     

肠道菌群调控脂质代谢的分子机制

人类肠道菌群基因组又被称为“人类第二基因组” ,其在人体脂肪的分解合成过程中起到了重要的调控作用。 体内肠道菌群的失调,会引起肥胖、糖尿病等在内的代谢综合症的发生。 本文从肠道菌群通过调控在脂质代谢中 起重要作用的酶类和调控因子从而为机体提供能量、减脂和改善健康状况的研究进展方面进行了综述。     

低氧胁迫对日本沼虾能量代谢和抗氧化代谢的影响

本实验对日本沼虾进行低氧(2±0.5mg/L,8h)胁迫和常氧恢复(7±0.5mg/L,2.5h)处理,通过测定能量代谢及抗氧化体系的相关酶活及其中间代谢产物的浓度,讨论低氧胁迫对日本沼虾能量代谢的影响机理及其抗氧化响应机制。结果显示:随着低氧胁迫时间的延长,肌肉乳酸含量显著高于对照组(7±0.2mg/L);肝胰腺和肌肉中糖原含量及精氨酸激酶(AK)活力则显著低于对照组(P0.05);肝胰腺和肌肉组织谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力显著升高(P0.05)。恢复常氧阶段,肌肉中乳酸含量逐渐降低至常氧水平;肝胰腺和肌肉组织糖原含量及精氨酸激酶活力与对照组相比仍显著降低(P0.05);肝胰腺和肌肉组织GST活力逐渐下降,接近正常水平。结果表明:除进行氧代谢外,低氧胁迫和常氧恢复状态的机体也需要进行无氧酵解和磷酸精氨酸代谢为自身供能。日本沼虾抗氧化系统受到低氧胁迫的影响,机体脂质过氧化程度升高,说明机体受到氧化损伤。     

微量元素生物转化的应用

微量元素对于人体来讲是极重要的微营养素,在体内参与机体许多重要生理过程,如物质代谢、免疫功能、激素调节、基因表达的调控等.但对人来说却是适量有益,过量或不足均对人有害,如地氟病、地甲病及大脖子病均为某种微量元素不足所致.     

石斑鱼肌肉氨基酸组成的初步研究

本文测定了花点石斑鱼和青石斑鱼肌肉中18种氨基酸的含量。测定结果表明:石斑鱼肌肉中氨基酸含量较高,花点石斑鱼肌肉中氨基酸总含量为764.98mg/g,青石斑鱼的为743.78mg/g,这两种石斑鱼肌肉的氨基酸总舍量中,人体的8种必需氨基酸含量之和分别为40.87%和41,99%;谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸,精氨酸、丙氨酸和甘氨酸等5种氨基酸系的鲜味物质的含量之和分别为45.03%和44.37%.石斑鱼肌肉所含必需氨基酸的比值与人体所需氨基酸的组成模式比较接近.所以,对人体来说,石斑鱼肌肉是一种营养价值较高的鲜美的蛋白源.最后,本文提出了石斑鱼必需氨基酸的组成模式。     

AMPK regulates NADPH homeostasis to promote tumour cell survival during energy stress

Overcoming metabolic stress is a critical step for solid tumour growth. However, the underlying mechanisms of cell death and survival under metabolic stress are not well understood. A key signalling pathway involved in metabolic adaptation is the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Energy stress conditions that decrease intracellular ATP levels below a certain level promote AMPK activation by LKB1. Previous studies showed that LKB1-deficient or AMPK-deficient cells are resistant to oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis, possibly because of the function of AMPK in metabolic adaptation. However, the mechanisms by which AMPK promotes metabolic adaptation in tumour cells are not fully understood. Here we show that AMPK activation, during energy stress, prolongs cell survival by redox regulation. Under these conditions, NADPH generation by the pentose phosphate pathway is impaired, but AMPK induces alternative routes to maintain NADPH and inhibit cell death. The inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylases ACC1 and ACC2 by AMPK maintains NADPH levels by decreasing NADPH consumption in fatty-acid synthesis and increasing NADPH generation by means of fatty-acid oxidation. Knockdown of either ACC1 or ACC2 compensates for AMPK activation and facilitates anchorage-independent growth and solid tumour formation in vivo, whereas the activation of ACC1 or ACC2 attenuates these processes. Thus AMPK, in addition to its function in ATP homeostasis, has a key function in NADPH maintenance, which is critical for cancer cell survival under energy stress conditions, such as glucose limitations, anchorage-independent growth and solid tumour formation in vivo.     

盐胁迫条件下酿酒酵母的代谢通量分析

用计算代谢通量的方法研究酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)在高盐胁迫条件下的生理代谢.结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,胞外海藻糖、甘油、乙醇和乳酸的质量浓度分别较常规培养条件下提高了24.44%,60.89%,23.32%和26.76%,而柠檬酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸的质量浓度分别较常规培养条件下降低了82.11%,50.37%和53.33%.代谢通量分析表明,在盐胁迫培养条件下糖酵解途径各支路的代谢产物通量均有所增加,而TCA循环中各代谢产物的通量均有所减少.     

The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Here we present the genome of E. histolytica, which reveals a variety of metabolic adaptations shared with two other amitochondrial protist pathogens: Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. These adaptations include reduction or elimination of most mitochondrial metabolic pathways and the use of oxidative stress enzymes generally associated with anaerobic prokaryotes. Phylogenomic analysis identifies evidence for lateral gene transfer of bacterial genes into the E. histolytica genome, the effects of which centre on expanding aspects of E. histolytica's metabolic repertoire. The presence of these genes and the potential for novel metabolic pathways in E. histolytica may allow for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. The genome encodes a large number of novel receptor kinases and contains expansions of a variety of gene families, including those associated with virulence. Additional genome features include an abundance of tandemly repeated transfer-RNA-containing arrays, which may have a structural function in the genome. Analysis of the genome provides new insights into the workings and genome evolution of a major human pathogen.     

抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在植物抵抗氧化胁迫中的作用

逆境使植物细胞代谢不协调,导致细胞内过氧化物过度积累,对植物造成氧化胁迫．植物体内过氧化物清除系统包括酶促清除系统和非酶系统两大类．本文介绍了抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在清除过氧化氢中的作用,重点论述了存在于叶绿体基质及类囊体膜的两种抗坏血酸过氧化物酶同工酶与植物抗氧化胁迫之间的关系．并对植物缺乏两种叶绿体抗坏血酸过氧化物酶时用于解毒过氧化氢的可能替代途径做了简述．     

Genetic variation in human NPY expression affects stress response and emotion

Understanding inter-individual differences in stress response requires the explanation of genetic influences at multiple phenotypic levels, including complex behaviours and the metabolic responses of brain regions to emotional stimuli. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is anxiolytic and its release is induced by stress. NPY is abundantly expressed in regions of the limbic system that are implicated in arousal and in the assignment of emotional valences to stimuli and memories. Here we show that haplotype-driven NPY expression predicts brain responses to emotional and stress challenges and also inversely correlates with trait anxiety. NPY haplotypes predicted levels of NPY messenger RNA in post-mortem brain and lymphoblasts, and levels of plasma NPY. Lower haplotype-driven NPY expression predicted higher emotion-induced activation of the amygdala, as well as diminished resiliency as assessed by pain/stress-induced activations of endogenous opioid neurotransmission in various brain regions. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs16147) located in the promoter region alters NPY expression in vitro and seems to account for more than half of the variation in expression in vivo. These convergent findings are consistent with the function of NPY as an anxiolytic peptide and help to explain inter-individual variation in resiliency to stress, a risk factor for many diseases.     

低含量Pb对Cd处理下冬小麦幼苗根际微生物群落的影响*

采用Biolog Eco微生物分析法,分析了土壤盆栽试验条件下低于国家"土壤环境质量标准"规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值每kg干土350 mg(土壤pH>7.5)的Pb对Cd处理下冬小麦幼苗根际土壤微生物群落的影响特征.结果表明:土壤Pb含量低于国家土壤环境基准值时,会显著影响Cd对冬小麦幼苗根际土壤微生物碳源利用率、代谢功能多样性指数及群落结构的影响特征,主要表现为土壤低含量Pb增强了Cd对微生物利用不同碳源能力的抑制效应,同时亦加强了Cd对微生物代谢功能多样性指数的影响特征;冬小麦幼苗根际土壤微生物代谢功能多样性指数与根系分泌物酚酸和简单糖类之间的相关性特征在低含量Pb-Cd处理与Cd处理之间明显不同,且相关方向和显著性水平均发生了明显变化.     

Nucleolar proteome dynamics

The nucleolus is a key organelle that coordinates the synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits and forms in the nucleus around the repeated ribosomal gene clusters. Because the production of ribosomes is a major metabolic activity, the function of the nucleolus is tightly linked to cell growth and proliferation, and recent data suggest that the nucleolus also plays an important role in cell-cycle regulation, senescence and stress responses. Here, using mass-spectrometry-based organellar proteomics and stable isotope labelling, we perform a quantitative analysis of the proteome of human nucleoli. In vivo fluorescent imaging techniques are directly compared to endogenous protein changes measured by proteomics. We characterize the flux of 489 endogenous nucleolar proteins in response to three different metabolic inhibitors that each affect nucleolar morphology. Proteins that are stably associated, such as RNA polymerase I subunits and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle complexes, exit from or accumulate in the nucleolus with similar kinetics, whereas protein components of the large and small ribosomal subunits leave the nucleolus with markedly different kinetics. The data establish a quantitative proteomic approach for the temporal characterization of protein flux through cellular organelles and demonstrate that the nucleolar proteome changes significantly over time in response to changes in cellular growth conditions.     

基于LC-MS技术对镉胁迫下地钱代谢组的性别响应差异研究

为探究雌雄异株植物响应重金属胁迫的性别差异，本研究利用超高效液相色谱结合四级杆飞行时间质谱仪（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）测定了镉（Cd）胁迫下雌雄地钱（Marchantia polymorpha）中的代谢产物，分析了与不同性别相关的差异代谢物和代谢通路.结果显示，未受镉胁迫时，雌性地钱中类黄酮生物合成、嘌呤代谢和玉米素生物合成代谢水平高于雄性，芹菜素、木犀草素、腺嘌呤和腺苷含量显著高于雄性.受镉胁迫后，雌性地钱中类黄酮生物合成、嘌呤代谢和玉米素生物合成代谢水平下降，芹菜素、木犀草素、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、腺嘌呤和腺苷含量显著下降.而雄性地钱中上述三条通路的代谢水平上升，刺槐苷、槲皮素、腺苷一磷酸和肌苷的含量显著上调.研究表明，地钱响应镉胁迫的代谢变化出现了性别差异.其中，雌性地钱降低了玉米素和遗传物质的合成水平，诱导谷胱甘肽的合成.雄性地钱上调了玉米素合成，缓解叶绿素的降解，同时上调类黄酮生物合成途径中的槲皮素和刺槐苷等具有抗氧化活性的次生代谢产物.     

Lkb1 regulates cell cycle and energy metabolism in haematopoietic stem cells

Little is known about metabolic regulation in stem cells and how this modulates tissue regeneration or tumour suppression. We studied the Lkb1 tumour suppressor and its substrate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), kinases that coordinate metabolism with cell growth. Deletion of the Lkb1 (also called Stk11) gene in mice caused increased haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) division, rapid HSC depletion and pancytopenia. HSCs depended more acutely on Lkb1 for cell-cycle regulation and survival than many other haematopoietic cells. HSC depletion did not depend on mTOR activation or oxidative stress. Lkb1-deficient HSCs, but not myeloid progenitors, had reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. HSCs deficient for two catalytic α-subunits of AMPK (AMPK-deficient HSCs) showed similar changes in mitochondrial function but remained able to reconstitute irradiated mice. Lkb1-deficient HSCs, but not AMPK-deficient HSCs, exhibited defects in centrosomes and mitotic spindles in culture, and became aneuploid. Lkb1 is therefore required for HSC maintenance through AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent mechanisms, revealing differences in metabolic and cell-cycle regulation between HSCs and some other haematopoietic progenitors.