耐热碱性性磷酸酯酶基因的DNA序列

从栖热菌中克隆到产耐热碱性磷酸酯酶基因并进行了ＤＮＡ序列分析。结果表明此２．０ｋｂ的片段含有一个１０５６ｂｐ的开放阅读框,编码５０１个氨基酸的蛋白质,其Ｎ端有一２６个氨基酸的信号肽。     

三株弧菌热休克蛋白70基因的克隆和序列分析

 根据GenBank中同类蛋白序列设计特异PCR引物,从2株创伤弧菌Vibrio vulnificus和1株河弧菌Vibrio fluvialis中扩增出热休克蛋 白70（heat shock protein, hsp70）基因片段。对这3个片段进行克隆、测序和分析的结果表明,3个片段长均为1 911 bp,包含完整的 hsp70 ORF,编码636个氨基酸。它们的氨基酸序列与GenBank中其它物种hsp70的氨基酸序列比较发现,2株创伤弧菌hsp70基因序列 和同种其它菌株的同源性高,达98%以上;而河弧菌的hsp70序列属首次克隆;与多种原核和真核生物的hsp70氨基酸序列一起构建 了系统进化树,结果支持传统的分类结果。     

基于支持向量机的多类凋亡蛋白亚细胞位置预测

基于支持向量机,以全部和局部氨基酸序列的n肽组分、序列的亲疏水性分布等五种特征提取方法构成特征向量表示蛋白质序列,对六类细胞凋亡蛋白的亚细胞位置进行预测.结果表明,基于氨基酸二肽组成成分构成的特征向量集(以符号DIPE表示)的预测结果高于其它四种特征向量集的预测结果,在Jackknife检验下,总预测成功率达到了89.3%;与现有的方法比较,发现对于Mitochondrial类凋亡蛋白,支持向量机方法有更好的预测效果.     

基于PSO＿BP神经网络的固有无序蛋白质预测

通过对蛋白质有序-无序区域分析,找到表示氨基酸的34维特征.其中,样本熵是用于计算时间序列复杂度的参数,通过比较20种氨基酸在两种区域的出现频率,将其对应为0-9的时间序列,从而计算蛋白质的复杂度.另外,使用长度为35的滑动窗口将相邻氨基酸联系起来,提高了预测准确度.最后,使用粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的节点参数,训练并实现有序-无序分类的5个网络,取均值后转化为有序-无序输出.使用DisProt数据集和R80数据集分别进行十折交叉验证,预测准确率分别达76%和87%以上.     

基于聚类分析的DNA序列分类研究

从DNA序列片段的个案中密码子分布密度角度出发,提取出DNA序列片段的特征,应用模糊数学中的模糊聚类分析理论对DNA序列片段进行分类．由DNA序列片段中64种密码子出现的频率,给出两个案夹角余弦的定义,由两个案的交角余弦来描述个案之间的相关性．采取分层聚类分解法,应用SPSS统计软件,计算出描述个案之间相关性的模糊矩阵,同时给出DNA序列片段的分类结果．仿真结果表明,该算法具有分类简单且分类结果精度高的优点．     

耐热碱性磷酸酯酶基因的DNA序列分析

从栖热菌中克隆到产耐热碱性磷酸酯酶（FD－TAP）基因并进行了DNA序列分析,结果表明此2．0kb的片段含有一个1056bp的开放阅读框,编码501个氨基酸的蛋白质,其N端有一26个氨基酸的信号肽．在起始密码子的上游5bp处有一个5＇－GGAGGT－3＇的SD序列．基因编码区的（G＋C）％为68．7％,第3位密码子（G＋C）％为92．7％．FD－TAP的氨基酸序列与大肠杆菌等生物的碱性磷酸酯酶氨基酸序列比较,相同性为27％,相似性为38％．中央β－折叠区及与活性中心相关的氨基酸残基高度保守．表明FD－TAP具有与大肠杆菌碱性磷酸酯酶相似的结构和作用机制．在相当于大肠杆菌碱性磷酸酯酶的His370至His412两个金属离子结合部位之间,FD－TAP有一72个氨基酸的插入片段,提示该插入片段与FD－TAP的高耐热性相关．     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces langinosus编码丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶部分cDNA的克隆及序列分析

根据几种丝状真菌保守的氨基酸序列,设计了一组简并性的引物,从嗜热真菌Thermomyceslanginosus中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR的方法,我们得到了一个1243bp的cDNA的片段。片段回收纯化后连接到pGEM-Teasy载体上,PCR扩增重组质粒证实这个长约1200bp片段已经插到载体上。序列分析发现和裂殖酵母的蛋白激酶dis1非常相似,比较两者3'氨基酸序列发现同源性达28%以上。其推断的氨基酸序列上包含有6个丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶的保守亚区。这些都表明它编码的基因可能是一个新的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。     

脂肪酶基因结构和氨基酸序列的比较

采用PCGENE6 8软件系统对真菌脂肪酶基因和氨基酸序列进行了分析。真核生物中多数结构基因中含有内含子 ,但真菌脂肪酶基因几乎有一大半的是连续的 ;对于有内含子的基因 ,不同脂肪酶基因所含内含子数目各异。所有脂肪酶一级结构中都包含Gly X1 Ser X2 Gly保守序列 ,在真菌脂肪酶中该序列更保守 ;Ser、Asp/Glu和His3个氨基酸残基组成了真菌脂肪酶的活性中心 ;大多数真菌脂肪酶是糖蛋白 ,但也有一些不含糖基的脂肪酶 ,主要取决于脂肪酶一级结构中是否存在糖基化识别序列。     

嗜热酶耐热机制的研究进展

从极端环境中筛选的嗜热菌、超嗜热菌(包括古菌)是嗜热酶的主要来源,但由于嗜热菌的培养条件严格、产酶量低等缺点,使基因工程及蛋白质工程成为生产嗜热酶的又一手段。目前,比较嗜热酶与同源常温酶的氨基酸序列的同源性是研究嗜热酶耐热性的主要方法。不同的酶其耐热机制不同,在一级结构中,嗜热酶具有与同源常温酶不同的氨基酸组成。α-螺旋的稳定性使嗜热酶在二级结构上更稳定。在高级结构中,“额外”的离子键、疏水作用、氢键、寡聚体的形成等对嗜热酶的耐热性起主要作用。一些环境因子也影响嗜热酶的耐热性。     

新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌GroEL基因的克隆及序列分析

参考牛种布鲁氏菌的GroEL（热休克蛋白）基因设计引物,扩增出新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌GroEL基因片段,将其片段克隆到T载体上测序。结果表明：新疆源布鲁氏菌GroEL基因片段长1641bp,编码546个氨基酸,与羊种（B．melitensis）、猪种（B．suis）以及牛种（B．abortus）GroEL基因的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99．88％、99．82％、99．88％,推导的氨基酸序列同源性在99％以上,显示了很强的保守性。     

处理厨余垃圾的高温菌剂研制及其降解性质研究

利用高温菌耐热嗜热的特性和有机物好氧分解的基本原理,从厨余垃圾处理系统中分离筛选到6株在65 ℃能产生淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白质酶及纤维素酶的高温高效菌种.经鉴定,所分离得到的高温菌株都有芽孢,属于兼性细菌.经安全性检测6株高温菌中未检测到沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌等致病菌,说明分离到的高温菌不存在致病性因素.通过最佳菌株组合后对厨余垃圾进行降解试验,最终确定4株（HB1,HB2,HB4和HB6）制成高温菌剂.将该菌剂在100 kg厨余垃圾处理机上进行降解试验,结果表明：一次性投入5%菌剂后升温至65℃,24 h内对厨余垃圾中粗脂肪和粗纤维有明显的降解效果,降解效率分别为30.7%和11.3%,粗蛋白含量增加了9.5%.继续对厨余垃圾处理48 h,其有机物分解率几乎没有得到提高,说明大部分有机物在24 h内即可被分离出的高温菌剂所降解.     

A new way of enhancing the thermostability of proteases

Thermostability of enzyme can be enhanced by single amino acid substitutions. Recent advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to create novel proteins in a predictable manner where structural information for the protein is available. This 'protein engineering' has already been used to enhance enzyme thermostability, but it is usually not clear which amino acid substitutions should be made. We consider that the following approach should be helpful in engineering proteins with enhanced thermostability: highly conserved residues should be left unchanged; the sequences of known mesophilic and thermophilic proteins should be used to suggest the kinds of changes likely to increase thermostability; and substitutions should be made that increase internal hydrophobicity and that stabilize helices for strong internal packing. We describe here the use of this approach to alter the thermostability of the thermostable neutral protease of Bacillus stearothermophilus, the sequence of which is known. Surprisingly we find that a single mutation that decreases thermostability can require two mutations that increase stability to compensate for it. The effects on stability are not additive, suggesting cooperativity.     

刺玫果中氨基酸组成及含量的测定

本文测定了刺玫果中的氨基酸组成及含量，并与同科植物进行了比较。实验表明，该果实中氨基酸组成齐全、含量高；E／E＋N为对照样品的2—3倍。因此是一种很有价值的绿色植物。     

一株高温蛋白酶高产菌株产酶条件的优化

对一株高温蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌BY25的发酵培养基组成与产酶条件进行了优化。正交试验结果显示培养基中各因子对产酶影响从高到低为:豆饼粉、葡萄糖、硫酸镁、麸皮、磷酸氢二钠、氯化钙。在此基础上进行培养基组成优化,将豆饼粉、麸皮混合氮源改为以豆饼粉为单一氮源进行蛋白酶发酵。单因素试验发现,在单一氮源培养条件下,培养基中各因子对产酶影响从高到低依次为:豆饼粉、葡萄糖、氯化钙、磷酸氢二钠。除微量氯化钙外,金属盐,尤其是金属硫酸盐的添加对产酶有显著抑制作用。此外,培养初始pH和培养时间对产酶有显著影响,接种量也有一定影响。通过绘制120 h产酶曲线发现,BY25产酶曲线为双峰,产酶曲线顶峰出现在发酵后72 h,优化后BY25发酵培养基各组分添加量为豆饼粉60 g/L、葡萄糖60 g/L、氯化钙 0.5 g/L、磷酸氢二钠 4 g/L,接种量为4.5%～5%,初始培养pH为8.0。优化产酶培养基和产酶条件后,发酵液酶活力可达到101.1 μmol/(min·mL)。     

应用残基相互作用探讨嗜热和嗜冷酶稳定机制

为探寻嗜热酶和嗜冷酶稳定性的机制,提出一种基于蛋白分子内残基相互作用的方法.结果表明:在一级结构上,差异不明显的同源嗜热、常温、嗜冷酶在不同残基相互作用次数时,存在非常显著的差异;嗜热酶中,高相互作用次数的氨基酸及氨基酸类型与其同源常温酶差异最大,嗜热酶减少低相互作用次数的氨基酸,而增加高相互作用次数的氨基酸是其适应高温的普遍机制,嗜冷酶也存在类似趋势,但不如嗜热酶明显;同一个氨基酸在不同相互作用次数时,作用存在差异,这可解释现有一些相互矛盾的实验结果.     

离子交换树脂固定接枝脂肪酶

 酶法是制取生物柴油的一种新型方法,而酶的重复利用率直接影响该法的运行成本.本文采用吸附法将碱性脂肪酶L4固定在4种不同树脂上,对比了利用不同树脂和在不同酶液浓度条件下的固定化效果,然后采用吸附-交联法将脂肪酶固定在树脂DK110上,考查交联方式和交联剂浓度对酶固定化的影响以及固定化酶的重复使用稳定性.结果表明：大孔型离子交换树脂DK110的固定化效果最好,酶液浓度对脂肪酶固定化影响显著.交联方式对固定化效果有显著影响,酶液先与戊二醛混合后加入树脂载体(JL1)所获得的酶活最大(340U/g),酶液、戊二醛与树脂载体同时混合(JL2)重复使用稳定性最好.该研究为固定酶法制取生物柴油奠定了基础.     

Ser-His-Glu triad forms the catalytic site of the lipase from Geotrichum candidum

The Ser-His-Asp triad is a well known structural feature of the serine proteases. It has also been directly observed in the catalytic sites of two lipases, whose high-resolution three-dimensional structures have been determined 1,2. Lipases show a wide variety of sizes, substrate and positional specificities, and catalytic rates 3. They achieve maximal catalytic rates at oil-water interfaces. The fungus Geotrichum candidum produces several different forms of lipases, two of which have been purified to homogeneity 4,5. Two lipase genes have been identified, cloned and sequenced 6,7. Both code for proteins of 544 amino acids with a total relative molecular mass of about 60,000 (Mr 60K). The two forms are 86% identical. Their isoelectric points differ slightly, being between 4.3 and 4.6. About 7% of the total Mr is carbohydrate. Until now, only a low resolution structure of GCL has been reported 8, but no high resolution structure has followed. We now report the three-dimensional structure of a lipase from G. candidum (GCL) at 2.2 A resolution. Unlike the other lipases and serine proteases, the catalytic triad of GCL is Ser-His-Glu, with glutamic acid replacing the usual aspartate. Although the sequence similarity with the other two lipases is limited to the region near the active-site serine, there is some similarity in their three-dimensional structures. The GCL is also an alpha/beta protein with a central mixed beta sheet whose topology is similar to that of the N-terminal domain of human pancreatic lipase. As in the other lipases 1,2, the catalytic site is buried under surface loops. Sequence comparisons with proteins from the cholinesterase family suggest that they also contain the Ser-His-Glu triad.     

Application of ring-opening metathesis polymerization in study of polymer molecular weight-mediated catalytic properties of immobilized lipase

Recently, significant efforts have been devoted into the study of the effect of hydrophobic supports on the catalytic properties of immobilized lipases. It seems that immobilization lipases on hydrophobic supports is a simple and efficient method to improve the catalytic activity of lipases. In this study, the hydrophobic poly(N-propyl-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboximide)s with well-controlled molecular weight were synthesized by the living ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and the lipases from Pseudomonas sp. were then immobilized on these hydrophobic polymer supports through the physical adsorption. The immobilized lipases exhibited higher activity and enantioselectivity for the transesterification of 2-octanol than those of free lipases. Furthermore, we investigated the polymer molecular weight-mediated catalytic properties of immobilized lipases. It was found that the catalytic activity and E value of the immobilized lipases increased with the increase of the polymer molecular weight. At the polymeric molecular weight of about 40kDa, the highest E value (58 at 54.2% of conversion, enantiomeric excess = 99%) was reached. After the molecular weight of polymers getting higher than 40 kDa, catalytic activity and E value of the immobilized lipase decreased. Supported by the Stake Key Development Program of Basic Research of China (Grant No.2007CB808000) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50773028, and 20803028).     

Active-site remodelling in the bifunctional fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase is a bifunctional, thermostable enzyme that catalyses two subsequent steps in gluconeogenesis in most archaea and in deeply branching bacterial lineages. It mediates the aldol condensation of heat-labile dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to FBP, as well as the subsequent, irreversible hydrolysis of the product to yield the stable fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and inorganic phosphate; no reaction intermediates are released. Here we present a series of structural snapshots of the reaction that reveal a substantial remodelling of the active site through the movement of loop regions that create different catalytic functionalities at the same location. We have solved the three-dimensional structures of FBP aldolase/phosphatase from thermophilic Thermoproteus neutrophilus in a ligand-free state as well as in complex with the substrates DHAP and FBP and the product F6P to resolutions up to 1.3??. In conjunction with mutagenesis data, this pinpoints the residues required for the two reaction steps and shows that the sequential binding of additional Mg(2+) cations reversibly facilitates the reaction. FBP aldolase/phosphatase is an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme optimized for high ambient temperatures, and our work resolves how consecutive structural rearrangements reorganize the catalytic centre of the protein to carry out two canonical reactions in a very non-canonical type of bifunctionality.