单线路堤上挡风墙高度研究

采用数值模拟计算的方法,对单线路堤上不同高度单、双侧挡风墙对列车气动性能的影响进行研究。研究结果表明:安装挡风墙后,车辆的气动力系数远远小于无挡风墙时的气动力系数,车辆的迎风面受到的压力由大部分正压转变为大部分负压,车辆顶部受到的负压明显减小;挡风墙的不同高度对车辆的气动性能有明显影响,挡风墙高度较低时,横向力系数为正值,随挡风墙高度的增加而减小,达到一定高度后,由正值变为负值,而倾覆力矩系数则正好相反;对于单侧挡风墙,在挡风墙高度为1.85 m时,车体的倾覆力矩系数为0,其合理高度应为1.85 m;对于双侧挡风墙,当挡风墙高度为2.00 m时,倾覆力矩系数为0,因此,挡风墙合理高度为2.00 m。     

兰新铁路土堤式挡风墙阶梯式设计

采用计算流体力学方法对土堤式挡风墙阶梯式设计进行了数值模拟,分析挡风墙后列车的气动性能。研究结果表明:采用阶梯式设计后,列车所受到的横向力、升力和倾覆力矩明显减小,中间客车的横向力、升力和倾覆力矩分别最大减少88.7%,58.3%和75.6%;车体迎风面较大面积的强正压转变为大部分负压,车体顶部负压减小,整个车体基本处于一个负压环境中,因而受力情况明显好于原挡风墙下的车体受力。同一阶梯高度下,机车受到的横向力和倾覆力矩最大,第一节客车受到的升力最大;不同车速下,车体横向力、倾覆力矩随阶梯高度变化的拟合曲线基本相同,且在阶梯高度0.6~1.0 m之间变化平缓。     

高速铁路挡风墙防风特性风洞试验及优化比选

基于列车穿越大风区时其气动力显著增大,可能导致列车脱轨及倾覆等事故,采用风洞试验方法研究不同高度挡风墙下动车组气动特性和触网处风速,分析大风环境下高速铁路挡风墙的防风效果进而比选确定挡风墙结构主要参数。研究结果表明:动车组在平地情况下的升力系数、侧力系数和倾覆力矩系数随侧滑角的增大而增大;当设置2.5 m高挡风墙时,动车组的升力系数、侧力系数和倾覆力矩系数的绝对值均大幅度降低;当挡风墙增高至5.0 m时,对动车组有一定的防护作用,但其防护性能比2.5 m高挡风墙的防护效果差;设置2.5 m高挡风墙对接触线有一定防护效果,5.0 m高挡风墙使得接触线和承力索处的风速均大幅度下降,最小降幅达到55%,说明5.0 m高挡风墙对接触网有更好的防护作用。综合考虑挡风墙对动车组倾覆的安全防护、接触网的防护及其自身加强措施、结构的经济合理性,建议大风区高速铁路挡风墙的合理高度为轨面以上2.5 m。     

动车组横风环境下的交会气动效应

采用三维、可压缩、非定常N-S方程的数值计算方法,对8辆编组的动车组在20 m/s横风下以250 km/h速度交会时列车表面瞬变压力和车体所受气动力及力矩进行分析,并采用间接验证方法,将风洞实验、动模型实验得到的结果分别与数值模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明:间接验证方法下所得气动效应实验结果和数值模拟结果变化规律一致,压力幅值相对误差在5%以内;动车组横风下交会时,车体头、尾处测点压力差别较大,中部位于同侧测点压力差异较小,同一高度、不同纵向测点的压力变化波形及幅值基本一致,车体顶部测点压力始终为负;对于车体所受横向气动力及倾覆力矩,头车比中间车和尾车的大,背风车比迎风车的大;随着横风风速的增加,列车所受横向气动力及倾覆力矩峰值也迅速增加,严重威胁着动车组的安全运行。     

双层集装箱车辆和棚车气动性能的比较

基于三维定常不可压Reynolds时均Navier-Stokes方程和k-ε双方程模型,采用有限体积法对横风、路堤、挡风墙等环境耦合下运行的双层集装箱车辆和棚车的气动性能进行数值分析.研究结果表明:双层集装箱车辆周围流场较棚车复杂,前者横向力与侧滚力矩均比后者的大;无挡风墙时,双层集装箱车辆和棚车的气动力与路堤高度均呈线性关系,前者横向力及侧滚力矩与路堤高度的线性比例系数均比后者的大,分别为5.37和-11.09,对棚车则分别为3.53和-10.46;有挡风墙时,两车的气动力差值随路堤高度增加而减小,路堤高度0 m时其差值最大,前者横向力较后者大57.12 kN,侧滚力矩则大177.11 kN·m;设置挡风墙后,车辆横向力和侧滚力矩大大减小,路堤高度越高,减小幅度越明显,表明挡风墙对提高大风区尤其是高路堤区段的车辆气动性能效果显著.     

线路环境对路堤上列车气动性能的影响

基于三维定常N-S方程和从风-车-路-场耦合条件下车辆周围的流场结构,分析路堤不同结构形式对列车气动性能的影响。研究结果表明:当路堤迎风面、背风面斜率一致时,随着坡度的减小,横向力与倾覆力矩呈增大的趋势;当cotα从1.5变为2.0时横向力和倾覆力矩变化非常明显,分别增加25.4%和72.3%,其后气动力变化不明显;当迎风面一定时,随着背风面由斜向上逐步向下倾斜直至成为平地,横向力和倾覆力矩以及升力呈显著增大的趋势;与cotβ=2.0时相比,cotβ=∞即背风面为平地时车辆的横向力和倾覆力矩分别增加63.9%和55.2%。     

风障对桥上高速列车气动特性影响的风洞试验

为考虑侧风作用下风障对桥上高速列车气动特性的影响,以高速列车与双线简支箱梁桥为原型,自主研制了缩尺比为1:20的风障-车-桥模型风洞试验模型装置。测试高速列车的头车、中车及尾车各自的气动力。分析风速、列车位于桥梁的横向位置、不同风障高度与透风率、风偏角对高速列车气动系数的影响,最后以静力轮重减载率作为风障防风效果评价指标,给出风障气动选型参数建议值。研究结果表明:雷诺数对车-桥系统的气动性能影响有限;桥梁上设置风障可明显减小列车所受气动力;列车位于迎风侧线路时运行时所受气动荷载较大;随着风障高度的增大,列车气动力系数减小;当风障增加到某一高度后列车气动系数基本不再随风障高度变化,但随着透风率增大而增大;当风偏角小于等于20°时,高度为4 m,透风率为0%风障的挡风效果较好,而当风偏角大于20°时,高度为4 m,透风率为30%风障的挡风效果较优。研究结论可为实际工程中风障气动选型提供参考。     

青藏线上集装箱平车在强横风下的稳定性

采用数值模拟计算的方法,对青藏线上10 m高桥梁上集装箱本身和集装箱车整车在强横风下的气动性能进行研究,得到气动力系数与侧滑角之间的关系:在此基础上,根据静力矩平衡原理建立车辆在轨道上倾覆及集装箱在车体上倾覆的数学模型,得到车辆和集装箱在直线和曲线上运行时车速和临界倾覆风速的关系.研究结果表明:桥梁卜集装箱车整车和集装箱自身的横向力系数以及倾覆力矩系数均随着侧滑角的增大而增大;当侧滑角为75°时达到最大值,之后稍微降低;在低速时,车辆向曲线内侧倾覆的临界风速较低;在高速时,车辆向曲线外侧倾覆的临界风速较低;总体上,集装箱整车和集装箱自身的临界倾覆风速均随着车速的提高而降低,但集装箱在车体上倾覆的临界风速小于车辆整体在轨道上倾覆的临界风速,车辆的限速应当是以集装箱在车体上的倾覆为标准;对于集装箱车整车,当车速分别为0,40,60,80和100 km/h时,整车的临界倾覆风速分别为23.1,20.6,18.5,16.3和14.7 m/s.     

强侧风下客车在不同路况运行的气动性能比较

基于三维、非定常N-S方程,采用动网格技术对青藏线客运列车在强侧风作用下运行进行模拟,得到客车分别在桥梁、路堤、路堑及平地上运行所受到的气动力及力矩。将客车在路堤上运行的数值模拟结果与风洞实验进行对比。研究结果表明：侧向力、升力和倾覆力矩数值模拟结果与风洞实验结果均吻合较好;车速一定时,随着侧风速度的增大,列车在桥梁、路堤、平地上运行所受气动力和倾覆力矩均急剧增加,而在路堑上运行所受气动力及力矩增加缓慢;当侧风速度一定的情况下,客车在高桥上运行所受到的气动力及力矩最大,因此,强侧风下列车在高桥上运行较容易发生倾覆事故;在路堑上所受到的气动力相对最小。     

风区路堤台阶式边坡优化设计

基于三维定常不可压缩雷诺时均N-S方程和κ-ε双方程湍流模型,对在20m/s风速下10m高路堤上以300km/h车速运行的三车编组高速列车气动性能进行了模拟,并对路堤边坡结构形式进行了设计与优化.数值算法经验证与试验规律基本一致,幅值相差不超过10%.结果表明:路堤两侧设计成台阶对于改善列车气动性能效果显著.位于路堤不同线路上列车气动力和力矩随边坡台阶高度变化规律基本一致;各节车对应的相对最优台阶高度以及其所受气动力及力矩随台阶高度变化规律存在明显差异;台阶高度在3~5m间的边坡设计对改善路堤上运行的列车气动性能具有明显效果.边坡两侧顶部设计成台阶有效改善了列车气动性能;路堤边坡底部设计成高度相对较大的台阶对路堤上运行的列车气动性能有一定改善.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that