Reconstructing the food structure of ancient coastal inhabitants from Beiqian village: Stable isotopic analysis of fossil human bone

The Beiqian site located in Jimo city,Qingdao,a few kilometers from the modern coastline was excavated in 2007,2009 and 2011.A large number of human bones from the early Dawenkou period were unearthed.Through C and N stable isotopic analysis,the food structure of the "Beiqian" ancestors was reconstructed and the influence of terrestrial and marine resources on their lifestyle was discussed.Based on the δ13C and δ15N stable isotopic values of human bone collagen,the analytical results obtained through a ternary mixed model reveal that the food sources of the Beiqian ancestors included about 44.1% marine species(probably shellfish and fish),34.1% C4 plants(possibly millet),and 21.8% land animals.These results indicate that they lived mainly from fishing and farming,supplemented by hunting or poultry raising.Compared with other sites in the same period,the stable isotope results show that 5000-6000 years ago,the lifestyles of ancestors in the Yangtze River basin,Yellow River basin,Northern coastal area and inland area were very different.The ancestors from the Yangtze River basin focused on rice farming and fishing,whereas the ancestors in the Yellow River basin farmed millet and raised animals.Those in coastal areas relied mostly on farming and marine fishing.     

Palaeodietary study of Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu

C and N stable isotope ratios of 19 human bones in Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu Province, were measured to explore the lifestyle and social economic structure. Although the bone collagen degraded to different extents, the atomic ratio of C/N was located in the range of 2.9-3.6, indicating that they were preserved very well. Average δ13C value (20.05±0.21‰), average δ 15N value (9.69 ±0.33‰) and poor positive correlation between each other suggested that rice agriculture was dominant with hunt-ing-fishing supplemented in human lifestyle. Poor negative correlation between δ 15N values and C3 percentages of foods implied relative independence of rice agriculture and hunting-fishing. Compared to Hemudu Site and Qingpu Site, rice agriculture was developed further, but hunting-fishing decreased. The mode for people in Sanxingcun Site to get the meat was still in the initial exploitation.     

Stable isotopic analysis on sus bones from the Wanfabozi site, Tonghua, Jilin

In order to study the sus diets and explore the possibility to distinguish domestic pig from wild boar through dietary analysis, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of 28 pig bones from archaeological site of Wanfabozi in Tonghua City, Jilin Province were analyzed. The δ^13C and δ^15N values of uncontaminated bones show that the overall pigs in the site were generally herbivores and ate mainly C3 plants. Significant difference of δ^15N values was observed between wild boar and domestic pigs, which may result from the higher consumption of animal protein in domestic pigs other than from that in wild boar, possibly from human leftover or waste,. The dietary difference between wild boar and domestic pigs has great potential to differentiate wild boar and domestic pigs in the early stage of pig domestication.     

《麽经布洛陀》与华南珠江流域的稻作农业——《麽经布洛陀》与稻作农业史研究之一

壮族及其同源的布依、侗、水、仫佬、毛南等民族是华南珠江流域的原始居民。《麽经布洛陀》是壮族麽教经文，其内容涉及稻谷种子的来源、野生稻驯化成为栽培稻、骆田与骆人、野牛驯养、石犁的使用与牛耕的出现、采集农业向稻作农业过渡、水稻种植时令及耕作制度的形成、早期的稻作农业祭祀等远古时代华南珠江流域稻作农业的起源和发展的有关问题。文章认为，从神话学的意义说，黄帝是黄河流域以粟作农业为代表的农业神，炎帝是长江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，而布洛陀则是华南珠江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，中华民族农业文明的巨流，主要是由这三大农业文明汇集而成的。     

氮、碳原子在X@Al_(12)(X=Al~-,C,Si,P~+)团簇吸附性质的研究

使用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论(DFT)对X@Al12(X=Al",C,Si,P+)等幻数团簇吸附氮原子和碳原子性质进行研究.分析氮原子和碳原子在X@Al12表面的吸附位置,还分析了Al-N和Al-C键长,最高占据分子轨道与最低未占据分子轨道的能隙,吸附的结合能和电荷转移等性质.结果表明氮原子和碳原子都倾向于空位吸附.尽管X@Al12(X=Al-,C,Si,P+)性质都很稳定,但很大的结合能表明氮原子和碳原子都能稳定地束缚在这些团簇表面.但是由于中性的Al13团簇不具有满壳层的电子结构,它对N和C的吸附性质明显不同于具有满壳层电子结构的X@Al12(X=Al-,C,Si,P+)团簇,表明掺杂可以有效地调节团簇的性质,从而获得所期望的性质.     

Impacts of overgrazing and reclamation on soil resources in rangeland ecosystems in Huailai Basin, Heibei, China

The soil constituents and relations between the variation of soil resources and plant communities in three adjacent sites representing the overgrazing, reclamation and comparatively undusturbed communities respectively were quantified and examined in study are in Huailai Basin, Hebei Province, China. There have been significantly greater constituent of C, N, P in the soils of shrubland site. C_org, N_total, N_avail and P_aval were between 1. 18 and 3. 90 times more concentrated in the soils of shrubland site in comparison with the other two sites. Although the P_total concentration was lower in shrubland soils than in overgrazed rangeland soils, the P_avail concentration, however, was significantly greater in the soils of shrubland site comparing to those in the soils of rangeland and millet field sites. Among the three sites, CV exceeding 40% were found for SO₄, Cl, and F ion. The CV of organic carbon also exceeded 40% but only in the soils of millet field site. The highest CV were found for F, SO₄, ion in the soils of shrubland and overgrazed rangeland sites, while for Cl and SO₄ ion in those of millet field site. The results also showed that the introductions of shrubs are of vital importance for the accumulation of soil nutrients and maintenance of soil fertilities, and also for the restoration and reconstruction of deseritified ecosystems. Foundation item: Supported by the ‘973’ Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (G2000018607) Biography: ZHANG Hong (1961-), male, Ph. D. Professor, research direction: restoration ecology for degraded ecosystem.     

碳、氮同位素示踪法在农林业中的应用

对碳、氮同位素示踪法在相关的农林业研究中应用的基本原理、应用途径和方法及其研究进展进行了概括和总结。碳同位素主要应用于土壤碳循环、光合作用及其同化产物的传导和分布、植物水分利用效率、土地利用变化、农药残留代谢、降解和代谢等领域;氮同位素主要应用于农林N2O释放机理、固氮植物固氮量能力的分析以及氮素转化、氮肥利用率等方面的研究,为进一步在农林业及相关领域的应用提供参考。     

Phytolith assemblages and their implications from cal soils of Yingyang site in Dengfeng County, Henan Province

Conclusions The macro-environment of the region and the site agriculture interpreted from the phytolith assemblages at Yingyang site are as follows: i)In the mid-late period of Yangshao Culture five thousand years ago, the regional climate of Dengfeng County is warm and wet; ii)In the mid-late period of Yangshao Culture, rice farming may have been practised in the region.     

Neolithic rice paddy from the Zhaojiazhuang site, Shandong, China

To identify and study the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong, eastern China, is not only an important issue in the development of Chinese rice agriculture, but also a key part of the study on rice spread in East Asia. Due to the limitation of archaeological materials and the research methods, there have been no discoveries about the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong Province for a long time. Based on the identification of possible rice paddy by archaeological excavation, phytolith analysis of soil samples from this "paddy" has been systematically carried out and the results have shown a 4600—4300 years old rice paddy preserved at the Zhaojiazhuang site. This is the first examination and study of the rice paddy in North China by systematic phytolith analysis, which is very important for the Neolithic archaeological research and the study of the eastward spread of rice agricultural techniques in East Asia.     

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of mammal bone fossils from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River,China

Based on AMS ¹⁴C dating data, carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on mammal bone collagen of deer, cattle and pigs from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River. These analyses were conducted to reconstruct palaeodiets of mammals, palaeoecology, palaeoenviroment and previous human activities in the study area. Results show that the collagen loss of bone did not change the in vivo isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, and most of the bone fossils were well preserved. The bone collagen of samples from deer had a mean δ¹³C of -23.1‰ and a mean δ¹⁵N of 4.7‰, suggesting that deer subsisted in a closed habitat and fed on branches and leaves. The bone collagen of cattle had a mean δ¹³C of –19.6‰ and a mean δ¹⁵N of 5.2‰, which indicates that cattle subsisted in an open habitat and fed on grasses and stems. The δ¹³C values show that both deer and cattle fed on C₃ plants and lived in the same ecosystem, but the t-test results show that deer δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were both more negative than those of cattle, indicating that they inhabited different niches. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of cattle partially overlapped those of deer, suggesting some competition in diets between them. The t-tests show that the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of pigs were more positive than those of cattle and deer, which signifies that pigs occupied a higher trophic level compared to cattle and deer. The wide range of pig δ¹³C values demonstrates that pig trading had been taking place from early Neolithic Age to late Bronze Age. There were no significant differences in deer δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values among different archaeological periods, making it clear that climatic, ecological and environmental conditions were kept relatively stable from 2200 to 4200 a BP. This stability may have been responsible for the extensive and complete cultural layers at the Zhongba site. The minimum number of samples required to estimate the mean δ¹³C values of deer, pigs and cattle are 8, 73 and 16, respectively, and for mean δ¹⁵N values of deer, pigs and cattle, the minimum numbers are 4, 5 and 6, respectively.     

Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture

This paper reports the recent excavation of Unit Dadiwan06 at the Dadiwan site in Qin’an County, Gansu.A 65 ka chronological framework is established for Dadiwan06 on the basis of absolute dating (AMS 14C and OSL), stratigraphy, climate change events and archaeology.Artifact distributions reveal patterns of human behavioral variation and adaptation over the past 60 ka, from primitive hunting and gathering to advanced hunting and gathering, to primitive Neolithic agriculture, and finally to advanced Neolithi...     

Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai,China

Noodles are a global food, but the periods when and places where they were made and originated, as well as their ingredients and the cooking methods used to manu- facture them, have remained contentious. In the 2005 edi- tion of the journal Nature, we wrote a summary of the millet noodle specimens found in the Late Neolithic Qijia cultural stratum of the Lajia archaeological site in Qinghai Province, China. However, how the ancient people made millet noodles remains controversial. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the remains of noodles found within an earthenware bowl at the Lajia ＂noodle house＂ in terms of their plant composition including phytoliths, starch and biomarkers. It provides evidence of how people used millet 4,000 years ago and, most specifically, of the principal methods used for producing millet-based noodles. Further, we show how we used traditional hele tools to make hele millet noodles, with especial reference to the gelatinized hydrogel-forming method, to simulate morphology con- sistent with the composition and form of the unearthed millet noodles. The results of this study provide new evi- dence and new insights into the cultural characteristics of the prehistoric human diet.     

Early agricultural development and environmental effects in the Neolithic Longdong basin （eastern Gansu）

Neolithic agricultural development and environmental effects in the Longdong area were reconstructed using a synthetic approach, investigating pollen, charcoal, and seed remains for two cultural layer sections and five flotation sites. Results show that Neolithic agriculture in the Longdong area had a simple organization and was dominated by the production of common millet, especially in the early and middle Yangshao age. After the late Yangshao age, Neolithic agriculture developed into a more complex structure, dominated by both common and foxtail millet and the cultivation of rice and soybeans. The production of foxtail millet gradually increased through the Neolithic period, reaching its highest point during the Qijia culture. Soybeans were first cultivated during the late Yangshao culture, approximately 5000 cal a BP. Rice production began no later than 4800 cal a BP, and continued to exist in the Qijia culture, approximately 4000 cal a BP. Agricultural production in Neolithic Longdong, specifically in the “Yuan” area of the loess plateau, developed as a shrub and grass dominated landscape. Vegetation in the river valleys was partly covered with Picea, Tusga, and Quercus coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests. Agricultural activity during the Neolithic period caused an increase in farmland on the loess tableland and a decrease in the abundance of shrub and grassland in the Longdong area. When farmlands were abandoned, vegetation recovered with Hippophae-, Rosaceae-, Ephedra-, and Leguminosae-dominated shrublands and Artemisia-dominated grasslands.     

中国小米全谷物食品的研究现状及发展方向

全谷物食品的研究目前主要集中在稻米和全麦等主食领域,全谷物小米的研究开发滞后。基于国内外全谷物的定义及中国实际,提出小米是一种重要的全谷物资源,小米全谷物食品在中国具有很大的发展潜力,分析了中国当前小米加工的现状和存在的问题,展望了小米全谷物食品的发展方向。     

野生稻材料中氨基酸、碳、氮含量分析及其在种质资源评价中的应用

 野生稻是宝贵的遗传资源库.云南有较丰富的野生稻资源,研究对云南及其它来源的野生稻和栽培稻茎、叶和稻米中氨基酸含量及碳、氮含量进行了分析.结果表明:所涉及的几种材料中茎叶内总氨基酸质量比差异较大,小粒野生稻最高56.8 mg/g,野生的元江普通野生稻最低22.8 mg/g.换算的C/N和蛋白质质量分数变化范围分别为12~38和6%~20%.对野生稻茎、叶和相应的稻米中氨基酸总量及氨基酸组成间的相关性进行了分析,发现两者具有显著相关性.并初步探讨了茎、叶中氨基酸含量在评价植物种质资源评价中的应用.     

黑色粮油食品资源的营养学评价研究

分析了７份黑米、４份黑大豆、３份黑玉米、１份黑小麦和２份黑小米等黑色粮油食品资源的主要营养成分,结果表明,这些资源的蛋白质,植物脂肪和膳食纤维含量较高,分别比其相应浅色同类高出１０％－６０％;其矿质元素和维生素丰富,尤其是微量元素Ｆｅ,Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ维生素Ｃ、维生素Ｅ含量较高;构成其蛋白质的氨基酸种类齐全,结构合理,必须需要基点氨基酸总量的４０％以上,因此嘿 色粮油仪器资源是一类高蛋白,高膳食纤维,低     

异种生境下不同品种谷子数量特征的比较研究

谷子(Setariaitalica L.Beauv)是一种重要的粮食作物,其抗旱性强营养价值高.通过9月下旬谷子籽实成熟期,在净月和长岭取样测定,研究了中国谷子和日本谷子在生殖生长、生物量分配、以及各性状之间的比较分析.谷子的生殖生长既受遗传物质决定,也具有较大的生态可塑性,日本谷子的生态可塑性大于中国谷子.不同生境不同趋异型谷子的穗、茎、叶、叶鞘生物量与植株生物量之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,均随着植株生物量的增加而成线性函数、指数函数和幂函数形式增加.而日本谷子具有更稳定的异速生长规律,在谷子的茎生物量拟合曲线中,其方程的确定系数R2值在0.7997～0.8826之间,又可以看出茎在谷子生殖生长中具有更稳定的异速生长规律.     

异种生境下不同品种谷子数量特征的比较研究

谷子(Setariaitalica L.Beauv)是一种重要的粮食作物,其抗旱性强营养价值高。通过9月下旬谷子籽实成熟期,在净月和长岭取样测定,研究了中国谷子和日本谷子在生殖生长、生物量分配、以及各性状之间的比较分析。谷子的生殖生长既受遗传物质决定,也具有较大的生态可塑性,日本谷子的生态可塑性大于中国谷子。不同生境不同趋异型谷子的穗、茎、叶、叶鞘生物量与植株生物量之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,均随着植株生物量的增加而成线性函数、指数函数和幂函数形式增加。而日本谷子具有更稳定的异速生长规律,在谷子的茎生物量拟合曲线中,其方程的确定系数R2值在0.7997~0.8826之间,又可以看出茎在谷子生殖生长中具有更稳定的异速生长规律。     

仙人掌低糖米露爽饮料的研制

根据仙人掌、小米和糙米的加工特性,经科学研究制得风味好、营养价值高且具有保健功能的绿色米饮品。     

Preparation and Properties of Cereal-Metal Complex Films

1 Results Various kinds of biodegradable polymer materials have been researched[1]. In our previous papers,cereals such as wheat,buckwheat,glutinous rice and nonglutinous rice were polycondenced with citric acid and polysilicic acid to prepare copolymer films respectively[2,3].These copolymer fims have relatively good mechanical properties but the water proofness is not so good.Recently,some cereals such as wheat,glutinous rice,nonglutinous rice,kaoliang,millet and maize were reacted with copper chlorid...