三维空间域车载阵列及其多天线系统性能

针对城市狭窄弯道非视距车载(V2V)移动通信传播环境,提出了一种三维(3D)空间域大规模多输入多输出(M-MIMO)天线阵列模型,此模型用三维空间假设代替传统的二维(2D)平面阵列假设,将天线模型应用于弯道车载信道模型中,推导了波达信号到达角和发射角的概率密度函数闭合表达式;研究了3D空间阵列自相关特性和天线阵列参数及散射体分布对多天线系统性能的影响.仿真结果与一些经典模型数据及测量信道相符合,表明了该模型应用的可行性;可用于描述弯曲道路V2V通信场景的信道特征,为未来进一步分析和讨论MIMO多径信道或5G M-MIMO信道特征提供了良好的理论参考.     

基于几何街道散射场景的车载移动信道模型研究

为了研究室外视距(line of sight,LoS)和非视距(non-LoS,NLoS)传输场景中车辆与车辆(Vehicle-to-Vehicle,V2V)之间的无线通信系统,提出一种基于几何街道散射场景的统计信道模型,其发射端和接收端都处于移动状态。先假设有无穷多的散射体随机分布在街道两侧,并且在发射端和接收端都采用多天线技术,然后模型定量给出了几何街道散射场景下到发射角(angle of arrival,AOD)和到达角(angle of arrival,AOA)之间的几何关系。同时研究了信号在几何散射信道模型中的空间互相关函数、时间自相关函数(autocorrelation function,ACF)、频率互相关函数以及多普勒PSD(powe spectral density,PSD)的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明提出的V2V通信系统的无线信道的统计特性符合理论和经验,拓展了多输入多输出宽带V2V通信系统的研究。     

基于密集城市街道的车载衰落信道模型研究

为了开发准确高效的传播信道模型,针对城市密集街道中车对车(V2V)移动通信环境,在传统的T型交叉路口模型的基础上进行改进和拓展,提出了十字路口场景下的空间信道模型,同时在发射端和接收端配置矩形天线阵列以研究通信系统性能。该模型考虑了发射机和接收机的视距路径、单点散射路径和双点散射路径,研究了发射角和接收角的确切关系。基于这种关系,推导出空间互相关函数、时频互相关函数、时间自相关函数以及频率相关函数的解析表达式。此外,还分析了模型参数对V2V通信系统性能的影响。仿真结果与以往衰落模型对比表明了本模型的实用性,有利于未来车载通信系统的设计与分析。     

基于几何街道散射场景的车载移动信道模型

为了研究室外视距(line of sight,Lo S)和非视距(non-Lo S,NLo S)传输场景中车辆与车辆(vehicle-to-vehicle,V2V)之间的无线通信系统,提出一种基于几何街道散射场景的统计信道模型,其发射端和接收端都处于移动状态。先假设有无穷多的散射体随机分布在街道两侧;并且在发射端和接收端都采用多天线技术,然后模型定量给出了几何街道散射场景下到发射角(angle of arrival,AOD)和到达角(angle of arrival,AOA)之间的几何关系。同时研究了信号在几何散射信道模型中的空间互相关函数、时间自相关函数(autocorrelation function,ACF)、频率互相关函数以及多普勒功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明提出的V2V通信系统的无线信道的统计特性符合理论和经验,拓展了多输入多输出宽带V2V通信系统的研究。     

隧道环境的统计物理信道特征参数提取与计算

针对隧道无线信道视距和非视距传输环境下的车对车(V2V)通信系统,提出了一种隧道空间物理信道模型,其移动发射机和移动接收机均处于移动状态,无限数量的散射体随机分布在隧道壁上.从隧道空间物理信道模型开始引入了一种随机参考模型,考虑电磁信号的单点散射传播路径,推导出三维空间域信道特征参数,即空-时-频互相关函数、二维时频互相关函数、时间自相关函数和频率相关函数.此外,根据参考模型设计出一种高效的顺式和(SOC)信道仿真模型,其时间自相关和频率相关函数都和参考模型相符合.在信道模型的基础上,分析了V2V系统中天线数量和信噪比与信道容量的关系.     

3．5GHz频段城市环境下的宽带无线信道测量分析

研究了在典型城市室外环境下的3·5GHz无线信道的小尺度传播特性,构建了一个用于信道测量的测量系统,完成了固定与移动场景下的信道测量,得出了功率延迟分布(PDP)、抽头延迟线模型、多径分布和莱斯K因子等参数,测量结果证明该环境提供了多天线无线通信所需要的富散射环境.     

LTE-M在地铁隧道中的非稳态MIMO信道的几何建模

轨道交通中基于通信的列车控制(communication based train control, CBTC)系统采用多输入多输出(multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO)信道的LTE-M(long term evolution-metro)技术以确保可靠的车地通信,因此需要研究地铁隧道环境下MIMO信道的统计特性.针对隧道内2×2 MIMO信道在列车移动特别是列车经过基站的过程中呈现的非稳态特性,建立了隧道环境下基于几何的单反射(geometrically based single bounce,GBSB)时变MIMO信道模型.推导了复信道增益以及时变统计特性,包括信道时变自相关函数(autocorrelation function, ACF)、信道时变功率谱密度(power spectral density, PSD)、信道时变互相关函数(cross correlation function, CCF)等.分析了列车运行速度、天线间距等参数对信道相关性的影响.结果表明,信道时变自相关性随列车运行速度增加而降低.当天线间隔增大,信道互相关性呈现波动性下降.仿真结果与实测结果相一致,验证了所提出模型的有效性.     

大规模多天线无线信道及容量特性研究

基站端配置大量天线构成的大规模多天线系统,可以进一步挖掘空间域增益,大幅度提升无线通信系统传输容量和功率效率.从理论上看,大规模多天线系统获得空间域增益的前提条件是传播环境中的各子信道满足正交条件.准确的获取无线信道信息是通信系统研究的基础,它为通信系统的链路级仿真、样机试验和标准制定提供理论基础和技术支撑.本文研究了大规模多天线无线信道的特点,总结了国内外大规模无线信道的测量与建模,通过随机矩阵特征值经验概率密度函数角度研究了Massive MIMO无线信道的信道容量,并给出了球面波信道建模和阵列域的相关性与非平稳特性为下一步的两个研究方向.     

非对称空间统计信道模型及其MIMO多天线系统

针对在非均匀散射体分布以及非对称空间分布的移动通信环境,引入几何分割法导出基于散射体高斯分布的非对称空间统计信道模型.在指向性天线覆盖下的非对称宏小区和微小区以及街道和室内小区的移动通信环境下,模型能估计多径衰落信道的重要空时信道参数,如信号到达角度(AOA)、到达时间(TOA)概率分布密度函数以及到达信号的空-时相关性.另外,在非对称空间统计信道下设置了MIMO多天线线性阵列(ULA)和圆环阵列(UCA),研究了此衰落信道的信道容量.通过信号的AOA和TOA概率密度函数的数值结果与多径衰落信道圆模型(GBSBM)的数值结果对比,表明本模型的信道参数估计结果符合实际的移动通信环境.假设非均匀散射体分布为高斯分布时,本模型的数值结果阐明了分布参数对信道参数的影响,拓展了空间统计信道模型的研究和应用,对评估MIMO多天线阵列系统空时处理算法和仿真无线通信系统提供了有力的工具.     

空地域A2G大规模MIMO信道建模与分析

为了研究空地环境的三维大规模多输入多输出天线阵列信道传射特性,提出了一种三维单射球形散射体的无人机、车空地大规模多输入多输出信道模型.相比以往的空地多输入多输出天线模型,在建模过程中考虑互耦效应对天线阵列的影响,并采用生灭过程对大规模多输入多输出天线的非平稳特性进行理论分析和建模,推导无人机和车在任意运动状态下的不同高...     

Review of wideband MIMO channel measurement and modeling for IMT-Advanced systems

In October 2005,the next generation mobile communication system was officially named as the International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced(IMT-Advanced) by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector(ITU-R).Wideband multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) channel models in multiple propagation environments are fundamental for IMT-Advanced systems and such research has been initiated since 2003.The research challenges come from the fact that the wider bandwidth(20-100 MHz) and the advanced multiple antenna technology have been proposed for the IMT-Advanced system,thus leading to higher sampling rates and multiple spatial propagation channels.In this review,four aspects of wideband MIMO channel measurement and modeling are discussed:(1) radio channel measurement procedure and equipment;(2) large scale fading models;(3) small scale fading models;and(4) MIMO channel models.In particular,the large scale fading affected by the carrier frequency is investigated for urban macrocells and it shows that the higher carrier frequency results in greater loss for non-line-of-sight(NLoS) conditions in the cities of China,for which the frequency dependent factor is 32.1.Moreover,the dense and the obviously higher buildings also lead to a larger angle spread(AS) of both the angle of arrival and angle of departure in urban macrocell scenarios.The results indicate that there is the potential to explore the MIMO technique for an IMT-Advanced system with larger ASs,which would lead to the high system capacity.The progress on MIMO models is described and some methods for simplifying geometry-based stochastic channel models(GBSM) are proposed.Finally future research topics on channel measurement and modeling are identified.     

Application-Oriented Performance Comparison of 802.11p and LTE-V in a V2V Communication System

In recent years, the Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V) communication system has been considered one of the most promising technologies to build a much safer and more efficient transportation system. Both simulation and field test have been extensively performed to evaluate the performance of the V2V communication system. However,most of the evaluation methods are communication-based, and although in a transportation environment, lack a V2V application-oriented analysis. In this study, we conducted real-world tests and built an application-oriented evaluation model. The experiments were classified into four scenarios: static, following, face 2 face, and crossing vertically, which almost covered all the V2V communication patterns on the road. Under these scenarios, we conducted experiments and built a probability model to evaluate the performance of 802.11p and LTE-V in safetyrelated applications. Consequently, we found out that improvements are still needed in Non-Line-of-Sight scenarios.     

采用传播图论建模方法的Massive MIMO室内场景传播特性

大规模多天线(Massive MIMO)技术在基站端配置大规模天线阵列,能够大幅度提升数据传输速度和系统容量,实现无线传播信道中的空间和时间资源的最大化利用.有关Massive MIMO无线传播信道的研究,对大规模多天线的应用、系统的设计与部署具有重要意义.本文采用传播图论信道建模的方法,研究Massive MIMO在实际传播信道中的性能表现,既能很好的避免信道实测带来的繁重工作,又能有效反映Massive MIMO的无线信道衰落特性.分别在高频点6GHz和低频点1.472 5GHz对选定的室内传播场景进行了信道建模与仿真,由传播图论建模方法得到了信道冲激响应,并进行参数提取,分别从角度域和时延域分析了大规模多天线系统的信道传播特性,并通过分析信道奇异值扩展的分布,证明了实际传播环境中天线数目增多信道的正交性显著增强.     

Reliability Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication in an Urban Expressway

IEEE 802.11p/DSRC(Dedicated Short Range Communication) is considered to be a promising wireless communication standard for enhancing transportation safety and efficiency. However, IEEE 802.11p-based Vehicleto-Vehicle(V2V) communication is still unreliable because of the complicating factors of high vehicle speed and complex radio environments. In this paper, we performed a data-based evaluation of V2 V communication reliability,using real-world measurements in a typical urban expressway in Beijing. With respect to the characteristics of the urban expressway and our experimental data, we found road slope and traffic density to be the major environmental factors having a significant impact on the V2 V communication's Line-Of-Sight(LOS) conditions. On the basis of these two factors, we propose a fuzzy classification method for the LOS conditions, and separate the realtime communication environments into different LOS cases. For each LOS case, we quantify the metrics as received signal strength indication, packet delivery rate, and communication latency. The results reveal that the communication reliability in urban expressways is very unstable because of the changing LOS conditions. This study provides a useful reference for the IEEE 802.11p-based cooperative systems in urban expressways.     

空时码在MIMO系统下的性能比较

多输入多输出（MIMO）无线信道具有分集增益和空间增益,因此MIMO系统比单输入单输出（SISO）系统有更高的频谱利用率．本文分析了V—BLAST的几种经典的检测算法,并进行了仿真;仿真结果和理论分析表明：不同的天线组合和检测算法对MIMO系统的性能都有很大的影响,因此要从更全面的观点来分析空时码．     

Spatial channel characteristics in the outdoor hotspot environment based on wideband MIMO measurements

Wideband multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） channel measurements were performed at 5.25GHz in the hotspot environment in Beijing. The propagation mechanism was line-of-sight and obstructed-line-of-sight （LOS/OLOS） in the outdoor scenario. Using a large amount of estimated angle of departure （AoD） and angle of arrival （AoA） results, the cumulative distribution functions （CDFs） of directional spread （DS） are extracted, which illustrate that the spatial dispersion is quite significant at both ends due to the low antenna height of base station and rich scatterers. The average power azimuth spectrum （PAS） is found to be well fitted with a Laplacian function. In addition, the non-isotropic property of spatial correlation is investigated, and the average envelop correlation over arbitrary antenna spacing provides the correlation distance to facilitate the MIMO optimization and deployment in the outdoor hotspot environment.     

低仰角动态环境下高空平台站通信信道的衰落特性研究

在分析了高空平台站通信系统的覆盖特性、链路损耗特性与降雨衰减特性的基础上,针对低仰角动态环境下的信道特性,根据传播散射理论,通过引入阴影系数A,建立了一个包含“好状态”和“坏状态”的混合状态衰落统计模型,而且在“坏状态”下根据阴影遮蔽的程度又分为两种情形。针对不同状态得到了模型的一阶和高阶统计特性,并通过实测数据进行验证,发现两者吻合良好。证明该模型可用于高空平台站通信电波传播特性的分析、调制及编码方案的优化和通信系统性能仿真等方面的研究。     

基于定向天线和机会中继的DF协作通信系统性能分析

定向天线(directional antenna,DA)的电磁波波束具有较小的成型角度,仅能覆盖某一方向上的通信节点,相比全向天线(omni-directional antenna, ODA),具有方向性好、功率增益大、传输距离远以及满足军事通信射频隐身等优点。协作通信技术通过节点间的相互辅助,对抗信道衰落,实现协作分集。为了实现有限节点间如车间、船间且需要采用定向天线的可靠通信,提出了将定向天线和采用解码转发型最佳中继选择的机会中继协作策略(opportunistic relaying,OR)相结合的解决方案,在此基础上推导出相应的通信系统中断概率理论公式,并对中断概率和信噪比、中继节点数、天线增益以及信道衰落系数之间的关系进行了数值仿真分析,以及和全向天线系统进行了比较分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明：在有限节点间定向通信中,采用定向天线的协作通信系统性能与各节点定向天线增益、信道质量和功率分配方式密切相关,适合在小信噪比及深衰落信道环境下采用。最后,进一步分析得出最优功率分配(Optimal power allocation, OPA)比平均功率分配(average power allocation,APA)性能更优。