关孝和对《授时历》中白道交周问题的研究

白道交周算法被认为是《授时历》的五项创新方法之一,但中国明清时期的历算家已不能通晓该法.清初梅文鼎(1633—1721年)等所撰《明史·历志》曾详论前四项,但缺乏对白道交周问题的说明.清初黄宗羲(1610—1695年)虽大致复原了白道交周算法,但对某些细节没有弄清,推导过程还出现一处明显的错误.日本数学家关孝和(1640?—1708年)研究《授时历》的著作《授时发明》对白道交周法却有详细的讨论,他的相关工作有助于澄清过去研究这一问题存在的疑问.《授时历》中白道交周问题的算法,以天元术推导多项式方程,而明末清初天元术等宋元数学方法在中国失传,因而当时的历算家无法完全掌握推导过程.由于关孝和等日本数学家通过学习传入日本的元代数学著作掌握了天元术等数学方法,因而能够对《授时历》算法的每一细节作出说明.     

《授时历草》“立天元一求矢术”复原

本文根据《梅氏丛书辑要》《赤水遗珍》（１７６１）中梅钰成关于“授时历立天元一求矢术”的记录，恢复了《授时历草》（１２８１）这一人段珍贵史料，分析了它与李治，朱世杰所用天元术的异同之处，并且指出《授时历》作者是直接套用沈括会圆术，利用全弧背来推导出割圆求矢术的。     

《授时历草》“立天元—求矢术”复原

本文根据《梅氏丛书辑要》《赤水遗珍》(1761)中梅钰成关于“授时历立天元一求矢术”的记录,恢复了《授时历草》(1281)这一段珍贵史料,分析了它与李治、朱世杰所用天元术的异同之处,并且指出《授时历》作者是直接套用沈括会圆术,利用全弧背来推导出割圆求关术的。     

一部撰写了40年的著作终于出版了——介绍薮内清与中山茂的《〈授时历〉译注与研究》

薮内清（1906-2000年）与中山茂（1928-）合著的《（授时历）译注与研究》，包含了《授时历》经文的日译与注释，以及《授时历议》的日译与研究。这部著作是1960年代启动的《授时历》日译与英译计划的一项成果。导致这个计划拖延40年之久才得以完成的主要原因，是由于在很长的时期内，对《授时历》行星理论中的“限度”概念始终无法给出明确的物理意义。     

郭守敬的《授时历》和朝鲜的《七政算内篇》

《授时历》被评价为中国历史上最优秀的历法,并且成为明朝《大统历》和朝鲜《七政算内篇》成书的基础。《七政算内篇》是朝鲜世宗时代(1418—1450年)取得的重要天文业绩之一,以《回回历》为基础,与《七政算外篇》一同于1444年编纂成书。《七政算内篇》的历元、天文常数和计算法等基本体系参照《授时历》,应数值则参照了《大统历》的辛巳应数。且把四余添加在推步的项目中,在计算日月食时使用的常数值则参考了元统1384年编纂的《大统历法通轨》,《七政算内篇》汲取了《授时历》和《大统历》的优点。     

《受时历》交食推步研究

在借鉴《大统历》的基础上，研究了并较正了《授时历》“步交食”术；同时根据《授时历》的平、定朔（望）推进，完善地给出其交食推步步骤和一般方法；用《授时历》推步和现代计算结果对部分交食记录进行了计算分析，通过比较可得出古记录是观测实录还是预防结果，以及其中是否存在在人为等因素，指出本给出的《授时历》交食推步法确是其时天官所用之法。     

《授时历》交食推步研究

在借鉴《大统历》的基础上，研析并较正了《授时历》“步交食”术文；同时根据《授时历》的平、定朔（望）推步，完整地给出其交食推步步骤和一般方法；用《授时历》推步和现代计算结果对部分交食记录进行了计算分析，通过比较可得出古记录是观测实录还是预报结果，以及其中是否存在人为等因素，指出本文给出的《授时历》交食推步法确是其时天文官所用之法     

《授时历》与仲良日食推算

《书经》所载“仲康日食”的时间确定问题一直是存年代学中的一个难题，基于华夏历史时期天天文家们的研究成果，尤其是根据复原了的元件《授时历》交食推步术及有关史料，重新考察这次日食及古代的推步结果，确认了郭守敬等用《授时历》推算出的“仲康日食”发生的日期当是公元谫２１２８年１０月１３日，提供了由《授时历》方法编算的－２２００至－１７９９年日食典；为进一步的研究准备了条件。     

东汉空间天球概念及其晷漏表等的天文学意义——兼与托勒玫《至大论》中相关内容比较

论述了东汉《四分历》前后首次出现的一些球面天文概念,并把它们和古希腊有关概念进行比较;在此基础上,进一步探讨了《后汉书》中晷漏表和黄赤道宿度表的天文学意义,认为东汉时期在测算实践的基础上已经初步尝试并基本建立了一个空间天球模型。关于古代中国的"似黄纬",在托勒玫天文学中可以找到类似的概念。比较了东汉和古希腊对于太阳视赤纬、黄赤道坐标变换、昼夜长度和天体中天等的计算方法和考虑问题出发点的异同,前者比较重视测算实践,而后者则建立在球面三角学的基础上。东汉《四分历》为后世"歩晷漏术"确立了基本模式,在中国天文学史中具有重要地位。     

《平立定三差详说》的一点注记

根据梅文鼎《平立定三差详说》(1704年)的垛积知识导出太阳积差公式(盈积),并指出顾观光《平立定三差解》(1849年)算法的失误。就《授时历》(1280年)平立定三差法的垛积意义给出正确的解释,为积差公式的推导提供了依据,是《平立定三差详说》的重要贡献。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that