大肠杆菌耐药机制中激活外排泵和减少摄入量的研究进展

概述了大肠杆菌中激活外排泵和减少摄入量这两个重要的耐药机制和克服它们的新策略,主要包括近年来在理解外排泵系统的物理结构、功能和调控子中的进步和有利于开发以外排泵为靶位的药物研究进展。     

New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

An insidious increase in features of the 'metabolic syndrome' - obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia -- has conspired to produce a worldwide epidemic of type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Most current therapies for this disease were developed in the absence of defined molecular targets or an understanding of disease pathogenesis. Emerging knowledge of key pathogenic mechanisms, such as the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the role of 'lipotoxicity' as a probable cause of hepatic and muscle resistance to insulin's effects on glucose metabolism, has led to a host of new molecular drug targets. Several have been validated through genetic engineering in mice or the preliminary use of lead compounds and therapeutic agents in animals and humans.     

Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria.

Ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis, are a major target for natural and synthetic antibiotics. Detailed knowledge of antibiotic binding sites is central to understanding the mechanisms of drug action. Conversely, drugs are excellent tools for studying the ribosome function. To elucidate the structural basis of ribosome-antibiotic interactions, we determined the high-resolution X-ray structures of the 50S ribosomal subunit of the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, complexed with the clinically relevant antibiotics chloramphenicol, clindamycin and the three macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin. We found that antibiotic binding sites are composed exclusively of segments of 23S ribosomal RNA at the peptidyl transferase cavity and do not involve any interaction of the drugs with ribosomal proteins. Here we report the details of antibiotic interactions with the components of their binding sites. Our results also show the importance of putative Mg+2 ions for the binding of some drugs. This structural analysis should facilitate rational drug design.     

抗鸡球虫病药物及其耐药性现状

鸡球虫病是严重危害养禽业的重要寄生虫病之一,目前鸡球虫病的防治主要依靠抗球虫药。因抗球虫药的长期应用极易导致球虫耐药性,使药物的防治效果大大降低甚至失效。本研究对抗鸡球虫病药物的种类及耐药性现状进行了综述,并对球虫耐药性产生机理进行了探讨。     

Inducible Expression and Splicing of Candida Group I Ribozyme in E.coli

0　IntroductionThe discovery of group I intron, a catalytically activeRNA is a major challenge in the concept of enzyme. Thefirst example of an RNA molecule that forms a catalytic activesite for a series of precise biochemical reactions was reported20 years ago: the self splicing pre ribosomal RNA of theTetrahymena[1]. A year after, the catalytic activity wasreported for the RNA component of a ribonucleoproteinenzyme, ribonuclease P[2]. These findings le…     

A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, including patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The nucleoside analogue ganciclovir (9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine) is one of the few drugs available to treat HCMV infections, but resistant virus is a growing problem in the clinic and there is a critical need for new drugs. The study of ganciclovir-resistant mutants has indicated that the selective action of ganciclovir depends largely on virus-controlled phosphorylation in HCMV-infected cells. The enzyme(s) responsible have not been identified. Here we report that the HCMV gene UL97, whose predicted product shares regions of homology with protein kinases, guanylyl cyclase and bacterial phosphotransferases, controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in HCMV-infected cells. A four-amino-acid deletion of UL97 in a conserved region, which in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase participates in substrate recognition, causes impaired ganciclovir phosphorylation. The implications of these results for antiviral drug development and drug resistance are discussed.     

Systematic identification of genomic markers of drug sensitivity in cancer cells

Clinical responses to anticancer therapies are often restricted to a subset of patients. In some cases, mutated cancer genes are potent biomarkers for responses to targeted agents. Here, to uncover new biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to cancer therapeutics, we screened a panel of several hundred cancer cell lines--which represent much of the tissue-type and genetic diversity of human cancers--with 130 drugs under clinical and preclinical investigation. In aggregate, we found that mutated cancer genes were associated with cellular response to most currently available cancer drugs. Classic oncogene addiction paradigms were modified by additional tissue-specific or expression biomarkers, and some frequently mutated genes were associated with sensitivity to a broad range of therapeutic agents. Unexpected relationships were revealed, including the marked sensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma cells harbouring the EWS (also known as EWSR1)-FLI1 gene translocation to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. By linking drug activity to the functional complexity of cancer genomes, systematic pharmacogenomic profiling in cancer cell lines provides a powerful biomarker discovery platform to guide rational cancer therapeutic strategies.     

人畜共患病耐药机制

利用抗微生物药物预防和治疗人畜共患病,已经取得了长足的进步,但伴随而来的耐药性问题却不容忽视。耐药性产生的机制有生化机制和分子生物学机制,对其耐药性更加深入的认识,为早日战胜微生物耐药性打下了坚实的理论基础。     

新一代四环素类药物替加环素的研究进展

对于日益增多的危及生命的多药耐药菌的爆发与流行,临床上迫切需要新的抗生素,替加环素以其广谱、高效,较高的性价比,满足了人们这一需求。综述了近年来替加环素的研究进展,包括体内外的抗菌活性、抗生素后效应、药代动力学、不良反应、药物相互作用、临床研究、克服细菌耐药的机理、性价比等各个方面。替加环素是一个比较理想的药物,对大多数耐药菌都有较强的抑制力,适合于治疗复杂的具有耐药的感染。     

肿瘤研究新视点——MGMT

MGMT作为一种重要的DNA修复酶对于保护细胞免受环境中的致癌物质和（或）化疗物引起的基因毒起着关键作用，因此在细胞对环境致癌物的易感性与肿瘤对化学药物的耐药性等研究领域，MGMT正受到越来越多研究者的关注。化疗药物作用的有限性一直是困扰肿瘤临床治疗的一大难题，许多人把希望寄托在肿瘤的早期发现与预防上，MGMT作为一种重要的DNA修复酶起着保护细胞免受基因毒的重要作用，利用这一性质，通过检测组织中MGMT的活性水平可以帮助我们预测正常细胞的突变性与肿瘤细胞的耐药性，为肿瘤的早期预防和确定化疗方案提供依据，本文综述了MGMT的一般性质、作用机制和临床意义。     

我国鸡球虫耐药性现状及其对策(综述)

对我国田间球虫耐药性现状的分析表明,球虫耐药性十分严重。认为制定合理用药程序、开发中草药制剂、营养调控以及免疫预防是减少球虫耐药性产生和控制鸡球虫病的主要措施,其中研制高效、低毒抗球虫中药制剂及基因工程疫苗为今后的主攻方向。     

Crystal structure of a concentrative nucleoside transporter from Vibrio cholerae at 2.4 Å

Nucleosides are required for DNA and RNA synthesis, and the nucleoside adenosine has a function in a variety of signalling processes. Transport of nucleosides across cell membranes provides the major source of nucleosides in many cell types and is also responsible for the termination of adenosine signalling. As a result of their hydrophilic nature, nucleosides require a specialized class of integral membrane proteins, known as nucleoside transporters (NTs), for specific transport across cell membranes. In addition to nucleosides, NTs are important determinants for the transport of nucleoside-derived drugs across cell membranes. A wide range of nucleoside-derived drugs, including anticancer drugs (such as Ara-C and gemcitabine) and antiviral drugs (such as zidovudine and ribavirin), have been shown to depend, at least in part, on NTs for transport across cell membranes. Concentrative nucleoside transporters, members of the solute carrier transporter superfamily SLC28, use an ion gradient in the active transport of both nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs against their chemical gradients. The structural basis for selective ion-coupled nucleoside transport by concentrative nucleoside transporters is unknown. Here we present the crystal structure of a concentrative nucleoside transporter from Vibrio cholerae in complex with uridine at 2.4??. Our functional data show that, like its human orthologues, the transporter uses a sodium-ion gradient for nucleoside transport. The structure reveals the overall architecture of this class of transporter, unravels the molecular determinants for nucleoside and sodium binding, and provides a framework for understanding the mechanism of nucleoside and nucleoside drug transport across cell membranes.     

A large-scale RNAi screen in human cells identifies new components of the p53 pathway

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful new tool with which to perform loss-of-function genetic screens in lower organisms and can greatly facilitate the identification of components of cellular signalling pathways. In mammalian cells, such screens have been hampered by a lack of suitable tools that can be used on a large scale. We and others have recently developed expression vectors to direct the synthesis of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that act as short interfering RNA (siRNA)-like molecules to stably suppress gene expression. Here we report the construction of a set of retroviral vectors encoding 23,742 distinct shRNAs, which target 7,914 different human genes for suppression. We use this RNAi library in human cells to identify one known and five new modulators of p53-dependent proliferation arrest. Suppression of these genes confers resistance to both p53-dependent and p19ARF-dependent proliferation arrest, and abolishes a DNA-damage-induced G1 cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, we describe siRNA bar-code screens to rapidly identify individual siRNA vectors associated with a specific phenotype. These new tools will greatly facilitate large-scale loss-of-function genetic screens in mammalian cells.     

肿瘤免疫治疗发展现状

 癌症严重威胁人类健康,是当前最引人关注的疾病领域。肿瘤免疫治疗在癌症治疗中具有独特优势,受到越来越多研究机构和制药企业的青睐,近年来呈现蓬勃发展的趋势。由于免疫系统的复杂性,肿瘤免疫治疗涵盖了多种作用机制和药物形式,发展情况各不相同。本文通过调研大量文献和数据库信息,对国内外处在临床试验阶段和已经上市的肿瘤免疫药物进行了梳理,对其发展阶段、作用机制、研发机构等情况进行分析,旨在阐述肿瘤免疫药物开发的总体趋势和方向,为抗肿瘤药物研发提供借鉴。     

Amplification of specific DNA sequences correlates with multi-drug resistance in Chinese hamster cells

Mammalian cells selected for resistance to certain cytotoxic drugs frequently develop cross-resistance to a broad spectrum of other drugs unrelated in structure to the original selective agent. This phenomenon constitutes a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. Multi-drug resistance arises from decreased intracellular drug accumulation, apparently due to an alteration of the plasma membrane. The observation of double minute chromosomes or homogeneously staining regions in some of the multi-drug-resistant cell lines suggests that gene amplification underlies this phenomenon. We have used the technique of DNA renaturation in agarose gels to detect, compare and clone amplified DNA sequences in Adriamycin- and colchicine-resistant sublines of Chinese hamster cells. We show that both Adriamycin- and colchicine-resistant cells contain amplified DNA fragments, some of which are amplified in both of these independently derived cell lines. Furthermore, loss of the multi-drug resistance phenotype on growth in the absence of drugs correlates with the loss of amplified DNA. These results strongly suggest that the DNA sequences which are amplified in common in multi-drug-resistant cell lines include the gene(s) responsible for a common mechanism of multi-drug resistance in these cells. We have cloned one of the commonly amplified DNA fragments and show that the degree of amplification of this fragment in the cells correlates with the degree of their drug resistance.     

葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应及其在药物代谢转化中的作用

 综述了葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应在药物代谢转化中的作用研究进展。论述了催化药物葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应的葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases, UGTs)的分布、分类及其底物多样性,药物葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应的产物类型,药物葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应的毒理药理效应等;阐述了药物代谢中的去葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应的风险和意义,脑部葡萄糖醛酸转移酶的分布活性及功能,葡萄糖醛酸轭合产物的分析方法,葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应过程的个体差异、种间差异等。研究表明,葡萄糖醛酸轭合反应是重要的药物清除与代谢反应,与药物代谢、药效、毒副作用及癌症的发生等关系密切。     

Tumour micro-environment elicits innate resistance to RAF inhibitors through HGF secretion

Drug resistance presents a challenge to the treatment of cancer patients. Many studies have focused on cell-autonomous mechanisms of drug resistance. By contrast, we proposed that the tumour micro-environment confers innate resistance to therapy. Here we developed a co-culture system to systematically assay the ability of 23 stromal cell types to influence the innate resistance of 45 cancer cell lines to 35 anticancer drugs. We found that stroma-mediated resistance is common, particularly to targeted agents. We characterized further the stroma-mediated resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma to RAF inhibitors because most patients with this type of cancer show some degree of innate resistance. Proteomic analysis showed that stromal cell secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) resulted in activation of the HGF receptor MET, reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-AKT signalling pathways, and immediate resistance to RAF inhibition. Immunohistochemistry experiments confirmed stromal cell expression of HGF in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma and showed a significant correlation between HGF expression by stromal cells and innate resistance to RAF inhibitor treatment. Dual inhibition of RAF and either HGF or MET resulted in reversal of drug resistance, suggesting RAF plus HGF or MET inhibitory combination therapy as a potential therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant melanoma. A similar resistance mechanism was uncovered in a subset of BRAF-mutant colorectal and glioblastoma cell lines. More generally, this study indicates that the systematic dissection of interactions between tumours and their micro-environment can uncover important mechanisms underlying drug resistance.