柴油机伞帘喷雾燃烧系统空气运动的数值模拟

用数值分析方法研究柴油机伞帘喷雾燃烧系统中的空气运动规律,探讨了缸内流场的演变过程、涡流与挤流的相互作用和燃烧室结构的影响,并比较了该燃烧系统与原机燃烧系统中的流场．计算基于任意拉格朗日—欧拉法,采用κ-ε湍流模型,计算结果表明,在上止点前较大的曲轴转角范围内,纵剖面流场结构相似,无涡流时接近上止点的缸内纵剖面流场受挤流控制．挤流促进燃烧室中心线附近的空气运动;逆挤流主要发生在燃烧室边缘;涡流使流场复杂化,随着涡流强弱不同,缸内形成不同的流动图案;折转壁面间的过渡情况影响气流贴合壁面情况;伞帘喷雾燃烧系统的挤气面积远大于原机,因此前者的空气运动明显强于后者,较强逆挤流维持的时间长于后者。     

柴油机缸内流场的三维瞬态数值模拟

利用AVL Fire软件对3105柴油机的进气、压缩过程进行了三维瞬态数值模拟,得到了两种形状燃烧室详细的流场结构。在进气冲程和压缩冲程初期,燃烧室对缸内气流运动影响不大。在压缩上止点附近,燃烧室形状对缸内气流运动有重要影响：A型燃烧室（直口‘1）形）内挤流速度明显低于B型燃烧室（带有凸台的微缩口形）,说明减小燃烧室开口直径能有效的增强挤流;A型燃烧室在压缩终了形成了两对不对称的挤流涡团,B型燃烧室形成了几乎对称的两对挤流涡团,可见中间凸台对气流有良好的导向作用。     

初始条件及喷雾对柴油机缸内流动影响研究

将柴油机缸内气体与整个燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到缸内流动计算的壁面边界条件.利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE对6110柴油机缸内三维非稳态流动进行数值模拟研究,着重分析不同初始条件及燃油喷射对缸内流动的影响.研究结果表明初始条件在柴油机进气过程缸内流场多维计算中主要影响流场的流动状态,特别是涡团形状和中心位置;喷雾过程中燃油的喷射流动直接影响到缸内的流场分布.     

具有ω型燃烧室的缸内流动特性的研究

用PDA对活塞顶具有ω型燃烧室的缸内二维紊流场进行了测量,讨论了气门偏置、燃烧室偏心、挤流以及活塞运动速度对平均速度和紊流强度的影响,结果表明:在进气过程中缸内气流是翻滚式的流动,而在压缩过程中则是朝向燃烧室的汇合流动.     

柴油机燃烧过程的数值模拟及燃烧室改进

为了改善柴油机燃烧室内混合气的形成状态和燃烧质量,对改装DLH1105型直喷柴油机缸内喷雾和燃烧过程进行了动态数值模拟,并在压缩比不变的情况下设计了3种不同结构的燃烧室,分别为敞口型、直口型和缩口型.通过STAR-CD软件对3种结构的燃烧室进行了三维数值模拟,获得了柴油机的缸内流场、燃油质量分数分布和温度场.结果表明:模拟出的缸内喷雾和燃烧过程与可视化试验的结果吻合,计算模拟的方法可靠;缩口型燃烧室有较强的挤流强度,较长的涡流持续期,使混合气质量和燃烧性能优于直口燃烧室和敞口燃烧室,缸内压力和平均温度最高,Soot生成量最少,同时NO的生成量最大.     

具有ω型燃烧室的缸内流动特性的研究

用ＰＤＡ对活塞顶具有ω型燃烧室的缸内二维紊流场进行了测量，讨论了气门偏置、燃烧室偏心、挤流以及活塞运动速度对平均速度和紊流强度的影响，结果表明：在进气过程中缸内气流是翻滚式的流动，而在压缩过程中则是朝向燃烧室的汇合流动。     

直喷式柴油机缸内涡流、挤流和湍流的数值研究

用二维数值分析方法研究直喷式柴油机燃烧室内气流运动的规律，着重研究压缩 行程期间缸内涡流、挤流和湍流的演变规律及三者之间的相互作用。计算基于任意拉 格朗日－欧拉法．采用ｋ－ε双方程湍流模型。对两个典型燃烧室的计算表明：无涡流 时，接近上死点时缸内流场主要受挤流控制；随着挤压面积的增大，挤流．涡流和湍 流都同时增强；涡流会使流场大大复杂化，而且随涡流的强弱不同，燃烧室内形成不 同的流动图案；初始涡流是缸内湍流生成的重要因素，挤流对此也有一定贡献。     

基于Converge的柴油机起动过程喷雾撞壁仿真分析

柴油机起动过程中,转速、缸内背景压力及温度偏低会导致喷雾撞壁,影响燃油雾化效果。利用三维计算软件Converge,采用组合喷雾模型及B-G撞壁模型建立了燃油喷雾撞壁模型,并利用可视化定容弹喷雾撞壁试验系统验证了模型的准确性。基于建立的喷雾撞壁模型,研究分析了缸内背景压力、壁面干湿状况及壁面粗糙度对某型柴油机喷雾撞壁的影响规律,仿真结果表明：随着缸内背景压力下降,撞壁时刻提前,扩散距离增大,油膜产生时刻提前,油膜厚度增大;活塞顶壁面粗糙度增加,喷雾油束撞壁后扩散距离减小,附壁油膜厚度增大;当活塞顶壁面为湿壁时,喷雾油束撞壁后扩散距离增大,附壁油膜厚度下降。研究为燃烧室、喷油系统等优化设计提供了参考。     

对置活塞二冲程汽油机分层稀燃组织研究

结合对置活塞二冲程汽油机缸径小、冲程长的特点,提出了进排气侧非对称喷雾方式,并采用AVL-Fire软件对喷雾方向进行优化,实现全负荷工况下的缸内均匀混合;同时研究了部分负荷工况下二次喷射对分层混合气形成和稀燃组织的影响.结果表明,进气侧喷射角增大有利于提高缸内混合气的均匀度,排气侧喷射角增大会导致燃油蒸发率降低;二次喷油比例影响分层混合气浓稀区的分布,二次喷油时刻影响缸内混合气稀区的均匀性.当进气侧喷射角为30°、排气侧喷射角为15°时,选择第一次喷油时刻为220℃ A,第二次喷油时刻为270℃ A且二次喷油比例为20%,可有效组织混合气分层.在部分负荷工况下,采用分层稀混合气相比均匀稀混合气的火焰发展期缩短约30%,快速燃烧期缩短约15%.      

485型涡流室式柴油机起动性能的研究与改进

柴油机燃烧室的结构对发动机的动力性、经济性以及起动性等有着决定性的影响。本文主要介绍通过改进485型柴油机涡流室式燃烧室的结构来改善起动性。由新设计的涡流室镶块所构成的球锥形平底涡流室称QZ型涡流室式燃烧室。它的容积比V_k/V_c=38.5％;压缩比ε=20.5;通道面积比f_k/F=0.96％,通道倾斜角α=40°;涡流比Ω_c≈47;漏斗形起动孔30°×φ2mm,倾斜角β=60°;镶块的球锥母线半径R=30.5mm。实验证明,QZ型涡流室冷机起动性能较好,在气温10℃时,不用预热即可顺利起动,显然优于原机涡流室和D型涡流室;在负荷特性上,在标定功率37PS时测得燃油消耗率g_e为198.58/(PS·h),比原机降低6.4g/(PS·h),在标定转速2000r.p.m.时测得功率N_e为41.3PS,比原机增加1PS。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-