脉冲加热下流动沸腾的气泡动力学

为深入研究微电子原件表面沸腾换热中存在的问题,对脉冲加热条件下影响气泡动力学的因素进行了研究。以不同主流流速下微加热器表面产生的气泡为对象,进行实验。以100μm×20μm的长方形铂膜为加热表面,发现了3种典型的气泡型态:1)单气泡;2)大气泡中分裂出小气泡;3)加热膜上先后产生大小气泡。此外对气泡脱离加热膜后的合并现象以及影响气泡脱离直径的因素进行了研究,发现加热功率和脉冲频率是影响气泡动力学的主要因素。     

微加热器温度场的数值求解与分析

为深入探讨微加热器表面产生周期性气泡的普遍规律,需要对微加热器的温度响应和分布进行研究.对微加热器和周围液体工质进行了无量纲固液耦合传热分析,以铂金属薄膜微加热器和液体工质水为例,通过对瞬态能量方程的理论分析和数值模拟,发现产生周期性气泡所需的无量纲加热时间与金属膜的厚度无直接关系,而与无量纲热源值密切相关;对周期性电压方波脉冲加热方式和周期性电流脉冲加热方式进行了对比,认为电压方波脉冲加热方式更符合实验需求;另外还提出了金属表面液膜的过热液层厚度和加热影响区.     

实验室电解水产生气泡群的尺度分布

分别通过对气泡照片进行图像处理和利用声波的散射进行反演两种方法,研究了实验室电解水产生气泡群的尺度分布.结果表明:在实验条件下,电解水产生的气泡直径在10～250μm之间;直径100μm以下的小气泡占绝大多数,超过80%,平均直径在75.4μm左右;电解水产生的气泡群呈现泊松分布;声学反演出的气泡分布趋势与光学测量结果相近.     

加热面尺寸对饱和池沸腾换热性能的影响

为揭示加热面尺寸对饱和池沸腾换热性能的影响,对8种不同尺寸光滑硅片表面在FC-72中的池沸腾换热性能进行了实验研究,通过高速相机观察了不同热流密度下各尺寸硅片表面的气泡动力学行为,分析了加热面尺寸对汽泡成核、脱离特性和换热系数的影响。结果表明,自然对流区内,相同热流密度条件下加热面尺寸越大,硅片对液体的热对流扰动越小,壁温越高且换热系数越小;随热流密度增大,换热面周边最先产生汽泡,大尺寸换热面与绝热胶的接触周长更大,产生的缺陷和凹坑能捕捉更多气体,因此率先进入核态沸腾。核态沸腾区内,小尺寸加热面汽泡脱离直径小、脱离频率高,换热性能好。高热流密度范围内,大尺寸表面的汽泡脱离直径和脱离频率随热流密度增大而迅速增大,表面换热增强。临界沸腾点时,换热系数随加热面尺寸的增加呈先增大再减小最后缓慢增大的变化趋势。     

质子交换膜电解池内氧气泡输运过程特性

研究了质子交换膜电解池(proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell,PEMEC)阳极流场内的氧气泡运动特性,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法分析了多孔输运层(porous transport layer,PTL)表面接触角、液态水流速、氧气产生速率及PTL孔径对氧气泡在流道中运动特性的影响.结果表明:PTL处理为亲水性有利于气泡脱离,降低表面气体覆盖率,促进液态水到达催化层;高的液态水流速会减小气泡脱离时间及脱离体积,降低PTL表面气体覆盖率及容积含气率,促进气泡从流道中排出;气体生成速率增大会提高流道容积含气率和PTL表面气体覆盖率,不利于电解池的运行;随PTL孔径增大,气泡脱离体积增大,脱离时间先减小后增加.     

基于混合热格子Boltzmann方法有限热源加热气泡动力学模拟

为探究不同润湿性表面单气泡动力学特性,通过引入差分方法的单组分多相格子Boltzmann模型,耦合能量方程构成了气液相变模型,模拟了不同润湿性表面单气泡形成过程周围流场与温度场细观,阐述了气泡生长脱离机理;研究了润湿性、过热度、有限热源长度对气泡动力学影响.结果表明,在相同过热度下,疏水壁面气泡生长速度大于亲水壁面.气...     

过冷池沸腾中气泡聚并对壁面换热影响的实验研究

该文实验研究了气泡聚并对核态池沸腾换热的影响。在恒壁温的边界条件下,利用微加热器阵列加热液态FC-72产生气泡,同时利用高速数据采集系统测量特定区域的热流密度。由于气泡之间液体层的蒸发和气泡聚并后产生的振荡,沸腾过程中发生气泡聚并时热流密度的波动远强于加热表面仅有单气泡生成时的情形。与单气泡成核相比,气泡聚并所产生的振荡提高了加热表面的再润湿频率,从而显著增加了平均传热。观测还表明,由于气泡之间的液体层被仍处于惯性生长阶段的气泡推离,气泡聚并速度非常快时并不会伴随热流量的增加。实验结果表明:当无量纲的聚并数Ncoal0.2时,气泡聚并能够增强换热;反之,当Ncoal0.2时,气泡聚并则会减弱换热。     

气泡结构调控组分对引气砂浆流动度及抗压强度的影响

选取两种代表性气泡结构调控组分,分析不同类型气泡结构调控组分对引气砂浆流动度及抗压强度的影响规律,通过对硬化砂浆孔结构特征参数和液体表面张力的测试分析,揭示气泡结构调控组分对引气砂浆流动度及抗压强度的作用机理.结果表明,增稠型调控组分环糊精通过提高砂浆液相黏度来延缓引气过程,使砂浆中的气泡(孔)细化,提高10～200μm孔径的孔隙率,从而增大砂浆的流动度,提高其抗压强度;抑泡类调控组分聚醚硅氧烷共聚物取代液膜表面引气剂分子,降低液膜局部表面张力,低掺量下使大气泡细化成为小气泡,高掺量下气-液界面膜强度降低,气泡不能稳定存在,此时总孔隙率降低,导致砂浆流动度先增后减,抗压强度不断提高.     

脉冲加热下微尺度表面流动沸腾

利用微机电系统(MEMS)加工技术,在梯形微通道内集成特定形状(60 μm×100 μm)的Pt微加热器,通过改变脉冲加热电压及水的流速,采用高速摄像机观察并记录微加热器表面的流动沸腾现象,根据脉冲宽度2 ms下不同流速及热流时微加热器表面的核态沸腾及膜态沸腾现象得到了沸腾流型图.结果表明：在一定流速条件下,随着微加热器的热流增加,核态沸腾及膜态沸腾相继出现在微加热器表面,且核态沸腾开始向膜态沸腾转变;同时,增加水的流速,可使微加热器上发生核态沸腾及膜态沸腾所需的热流量增大.     

玻璃与金属封接过程中气孔率和玻璃飞溅

通过测量不同工艺条件下玻璃绝缘子中的气孔率和最大气泡直径,以及观察底盘表面的玻璃飞溅情况,研究了熔封气氛、熔封温度、熔封时间、氧化膜类型和厚度对玻璃绝缘子中气孔率和玻璃飞溅的影响.结果表明,玻璃绝缘子中气孔率与可伐合金底盘表面的飞溅程度有一定的关系.可伐合金表面Fe3O4氧化物与玻璃中SiO2发生化学反应是玻璃绝缘子中气泡的一个重要来源,也是引起玻璃飞溅的因素.熔封气氛和氧化膜厚度对气孔率和玻璃飞溅影响最大.推荐的工艺条件是在可伐合金表面生成厚度约1μm的FeO氧化膜,然后与玻坯在950～980℃工厂条件的气氛中熔封30～40 min.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-