Positive identification of an immigration test-case using human DNA fingerprints

The human genome contains a set of minisatellites, each of which consists of tandem repeats of a DNA segment containing the 'core' sequence, a putative recombination signal in human DNA. Multiallelic variation in the number of tandem repeats occurs at many of these minisatellite loci. Hybridization probes consisting of tandem repeats of the core sequence detect many hypervariable minisatellites simultaneously in human DNA, to produce a DNA fingerprint that is completely individual-specific and shows somatic and germline stability. These DNA fingerprints are derived from a large number of highly informative dispersed autosomal loci and are suitable for linkage analysis in man, and for individual identification in, for example, forensic science and paternity testing. They can also be used to resolve immigration disputes arising from lack of proof of family relationships. To illustrate the potential for positive or inclusive identification, we now describe the DNA fingerprint analysis of an immigration case, the resolution of which would have been very difficult and laborious using currently available single-locus genetic markers.     

DNA typing from single hairs

The characterization of genetic variation at the DNA level has generated significant advances in gene and disease mapping, and in the forensic identification of individuals. The most common method of DNA analysis, that of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), requires microgram amounts of relatively undegraded DNA for multi-locus typing, and hundreds of nanograms for single-locus comparisons. Such DNA frequently cannot be obtained from forensic samples such as single hairs and blood stains, or from anthropological, genetic or zoological samples collected in the field. To detect polymorphic DNA sequences from single human hairs, we have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which specific short regions of a gene can be greatly amplified in vitro from as little as a single molecule of DNA. We have detected genetically variable mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from the root region of shed, as well as freshly-plucked, single hairs; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been detected in a sample from a single hair shaft. We have used three different means of DNA typing on these samples: the determination of amplified DNA fragment length differences, hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes, and direct DNA sequencing.     

Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA

Simple tandem-repetitive regions of DNA (or 'minisatellites') which are dispersed in the human genome frequently show substantial length polymorphism arising from unequal exchanges which alter the number of short tandem repeats in a minisatellite. We have shown previously that the repeat elements in a subset of human minisatellites share a common 10-15-base-pair (bp) 'core' sequence which might act as a recombination signal in the generation of these hypervariable regions. A hybridization probe consisting of the core repeated in tandem can detect many highly polymorphic minisatellites simultaneously to provide a set of genetic markers of general use in human linkage analysis. We now show that other variant (core)n probes can detect additional sets of hypervariable minisatellites to produce somatically stable DNA 'fingerprints' which are completely specific to an individual (or to his or her identical twin) and can be applied directly to problems of human identification, including parenthood testing.     

基于质子转移反应-飞行时间质谱的金线莲产地快速鉴别技术

建立一种基于质子转移反应-飞行时间质谱的不同产地金线莲快速鉴别技术。采用PTR-TOF-MS对不同产地(福建、广西、台湾)的66个金线莲样本进行指纹图谱采集。将检测到的指纹图谱与化学计量学相结合开发一种可以应用于不同产地金线莲快速准确鉴定的新技术。实验结果表明,PCA提取主成份数为4,判别分析方法为FDA时建立的数学分类识别模型性能最好,识别准确率达到97.0%,可以实现不同产地金线莲的有效判别。     

Identification of the skeletal remains of a murder victim by DNA analysis

There is considerable anthropological and forensic interest in the possibility of DNA typing skeletal remains. Trace amounts of DNA can be recovered even from 5,500-year-old bones and multicopy human mitochondrial DNA sequences can frequently be amplified from such DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). But given the sensitivity of PCR, it is very difficult to exclude contaminating material. We now report the successful identification of the 8-year-old skeletal remains of a murder victim, by comparative typing of nuclear microsatellite markers in the remains and in the presumptive parents of the victim. This analysis establishes the authenticity of the bone DNA and the feasibility of bone DNA typing in forensic investigations.     

DNA fingerprinting in birds

Several regions of the human genome are highly variable in populations because the number of repeats in these regions of a short 'minisatellite' sequence varies at high frequency. Different minisatellites have a core sequence in common, however, and probes made up of tandem repeats of this core sequence detect many highly variable DNA fragments in several species including humans, cats, dogs and mice. The hypervariable sequences detected in this way are dispersed in the genome and their variability means that they can be used as a DNA 'fingerprint', providing a novel method for the identification of individuals, confirmation of biological relationships and human genetic analysis. We show here that human minisatellite-derived probes also detect highly variable regions in bird DNAs. Segregation analysis in a house sparrow family confirms that these regions comprise many mostly heterozygous dispersed loci and we conclude that house sparrow DNA fingerprints are analogous to those of humans. Fingerprint analysis identified one nestling, with fingerprint bands not present in the parent pair's fingerprints, which we conclude resulted from an extrapair copulation. Extrabond copulations have been described in many wild bird species, but their success and hence adaptive significance have rarely been quantifiable. DNA fingerprinting will be of great significance to studies of the sociobiology, demography and ecology of wild birds.     

不同基源石菖蒲药材挥发油指纹图谱研究

建立石菖蒲挥发油气相(GC)指纹图谱,为不同基源石菖蒲指纹图谱鉴别提供依据.采用蒸馏法提取挥发油,气相色谱法测定指纹图谱,结合质谱、保留指数、相关文献和NIST17.L标准谱图库对部分色谱峰定性鉴别,并通过相似度评价和主成分分析不同基源石菖蒲所含主要挥发性成分差异.结果显示,石菖蒲指纹图谱共有18个共有成分,确定了其中的9个成分,相似度评价和主成分分析可以准确区分不同基源的石菖蒲药材.所建立的指纹图谱测定方法可以用于石菖蒲药材的基源鉴定,研究结果为石菖蒲药材真伪品鉴定提供了实验依据.     

DNA宏条形码技术在动植物法医鉴定中的应用进展

DNA宏条形码技术是随着2代高通量测序技术的发展而出现的一种物种鉴别技术.该技术结合了DNA条形码技术和高通量测序技术的优点,可以对混合样本中的多物种来源进行同步鉴定.本研究介绍DNA宏条形码技术的含义以及目前的应用需求,分析DNA宏条形码技术在食品、药品监管、打击野生动植物犯罪、刑事案件侦查等司法实践中的应用现状,总...     

一个新的基于细节特征的指纹匹配方法

自动指纹识别系统(automaticfingerprintidentificationsystems,AFIS)的精度和效率主要依赖于指纹的匹配算法.指纹匹配涉及的两个关键问题是指纹的对齐和匹配方式.根据同一个指纹的不同采样,其脊线形状保持高度的相似性的特点,利用两条脊线对应点的距离构造了一个判据,用来评价两条脊线形状的相似性,以实现指纹的最优对齐;针对传统指纹匹配算法中伪细节点的混入和真实细节点的遗漏影响指纹匹配精度的问题,提出了一种基于编辑距离原理的指纹细节特征匹配方法,对指纹库Fingdb和FingerDUT进行了测试,等错误率分别为0.62%和2.75%,证明该方法具有较高的可靠性和有效性.     

枯草芽孢杆菌TY7210菌株的ERIC-PCR快速鉴别

以ER IC核心序列为引物,以2株枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR对T aq DNA聚合酶用量、PCR退火温度及模板DNA浓度进行优化,建立了快速鉴别芽孢杆菌的ER IC-PCR方法,并对5株芽孢杆菌进行了分析.结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌TY 7210菌株与其他芽孢杆菌菌株具有不同的指纹图谱,尤其不同于枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC 1.1849),为芽孢杆菌的快速鉴别奠定了基础.     

应用光谱成像技术消除捺印指印下签字笔背景实验

使用多个波段激发光源, 通过实验比较光谱成像技术与传统可见发光照相技术消除印油指印背景的效果. 结果表明, 使用光谱成像检验技术处理后, 达到检验鉴定要求的印油指印数量占所有样本数量的81.3％, 而使用传统可见发光照相对相同样本进行处理的效果均不理想. 应用光谱成像技术可有效消除印油捺印指印下签字笔字迹背景, 其检验效果明显优于其他传统检验技术方法.      

墨西哥落羽杉无性系RAPD指纹图谱的构建

利用随机多态扩增DNA(RAPD)分子标记对53个墨西哥落羽杉无性系的研究表明:31个随机引物共扩增出了241条谱带,其中118条谱带在无性系间呈现多态性,多态位点占48.96%;用POPGENE软件对无性系进行遗传分析,得出无性系间的遗传距离为0.271~0.537,说明无性系间的遗传差异相对较大。通过聚类分析将53个优良无性系分为两大类,同时利用RAPD分子标记构建了53个无性系的指纹图谱,可对墨西哥落羽杉优良无性系进行区分和鉴定。     

基于PCR-RFLP的西洋参和人参指纹特征鉴定

目的建立西洋参与人参限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)的鉴定方法.方法采用改良的CTAB法从西洋参和人参中提取基因组DNA.应用生物信息学软件设计西洋参与人参核糖体DNA ITS序列的特异性引物,利用PCR技术对指定序列进行扩增,并通过RFLP方法酶切后进行指纹图谱的鉴别比较.结果提取西洋参与人参基因组DNA19 kb,并扩增核糖体122 bp大小的基因片段,经酶切后西洋参为80 bp和42 bp长度的两条片段,而人参仍然为122 bp长度的单一片段.结论西洋参与人参DNA具有特异性酶切位点,可作为西洋参与人参鉴定的有效方法,该方法简便快速,结果可靠.     

Genetic fingerprinting reflects population differentiation in the California Channel Island fox

Restriction fragment profiles generated by hybridization of hypervariable minisatellite DNA probes have been used for paternity analysis but not for comparisons at the level of populations, because the profiles are thought to evolve too rapidly to be informative over large time intervals. But in small isolated populations, the fixation of restriction-fragment polymorphisms can outpace the generation of fragment-length variability through recombination. Here we report on an analysis of DNA fingerprints of the California Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis). These foxes comprise an island dwarf species found only on six of the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. Variability of restriction-fragment profiles within fox populations, as indicated by the average percentage difference (APD), varied widely among the islands, from 0.0% (no variation) to 25.3%. The APDs between populations were considerably greater (43.8% to 84.4%). In addition, foxes on each island can be distinguished by the presence of diagnostic restriction fragments. Maximum parsimony and phenetic trees relating foxes from different islands are consistent with the archaeozoological and geological record. Therefore, in small populations of genetically isolated mammals, differences among hypervariable restriction-fragment profiles can be used to estimate relative genetic variability and to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of natural populations.     

Image Mosaicing Algorithm for Rolled Fingerprint Construction

IntroductionFingerprint identification is the most importantbiometric technique for automated personalauthentication[1,2 ] .In the past,fingerprints used inidentification systems were acquired by applyingink to the fingers and rolling each finger from nai…     

小天鹅的个体识别方法

个体识别是行为学研究中最基本内容之一．离开了它，行为学研究中的许多内容就无法完成．笔者通过多年的摸索，找到一种鉴别小天鹅个体行之有效的方法，即利用小天鹅喙部特征来进行个体区分．     

混采井分层产能确定的新方法

混采油井分层产能的确定通常用生产测井、分层测试及示踪剂跟踪方法,但它们成本高、周期长,对窜层油井不适用,且对流速低和窜层油井不适用,有时还需在关井停产条件下进行,作业过程中还易伤害油层。介绍了一种产能监测的新方法—原油色谱指纹法,利用单层原油色谱指纹差异及井口混合原油的指纹变化特征,配合室内原油配方实验,求得混采井分层产能贡献。研究表明,不同类型不同比例二元及三元原油配方与指纹计算的误差在10%以内,指纹计算结果与生产测井的误差在15%以内,可用来计算混采油井分层产能贡献,监测油层出力情况。     

以光生物素标记DNA的点杂交比色法迅速鉴定类单胞菌的研究

应用光生物素标记参考菌株DNA比色法以DNA-DNA点杂交对类单胞菌属的分离菌株及参考菌株进行遗传学鉴定。在强日光灯下,光生物素标记DNA15min。以少量菌体法提取被测菌株的DNA,并将此DNA点种在硝酸纤维膜上;碱性磷酸酶偶联链霉抗生物素基物显色法DNA-DNA点杂交,颜色图形分析仪测定点杂交颜色强度。该方法鉴定结果与数值分类法的结果和复性率定量测定DNA-DNA同源性的结果基本相符。光生物素标记DNA比色法DNA-DNA点杂交鉴定类单胞菌是一种快速而简便的方法。     

安哥拉山羊及其杂种羊父权认定的DNA指纹图分析

应用ＤＮＡ指纹技术对安哥拉山羊作亲子鉴定,结果发现子代个体的ＤＮＡ指纹图中,谱带均分别来自父亲和母亲,没有新带出现。父权概率为０．９８８９,表明（ＣＡ／ＧＡＴＡ／ＴＣＣ）５探针能有效地应用于安哥拉山羊及其杂种后代的遗传分析。     

Recombination: Multiply infected spleen cells in HIV patients

The genome of the human immunodeficiency virus is highly prone to recombination, although it is not obvious whether recombinants arise infrequently or whether they are constantly being spawned but escape identification because of the massive and rapid turnover of virus particles. Here we use fluorescence in situ hybridization to estimate the number of proviruses harboured by individual splenocytes from two HIV patients, and determine the extent of recombination by sequencing amplified DNA from these cells. We find an average of three or four proviruses per cell and evidence for huge numbers of recombinants and extensive genetic variation. Although this creates problems for phylogenetic analyses, which ignore recombination effects, the intracellular variation may help to broaden immune recognition.