室温离子液体的合成及其在有机合成中的应用

主要介绍了以N，N′-二烷基咪唑阳离子，N-烷基吡啶阳离子与氯化铝阴离子，含氟阴离子等形成的室温离子液体的合成方法，介绍了用离子液体作为溶剂进行的Deiels-Alder反应、亲核取代反应、Friedel-Crafts反应、氢化反应、氧化反应等。     

浅谈中学化学中的置换反应

置换反应是中学化学中的主要反应，也是典型的氧化还原反应。转换反应分为金属转换钨的反应，金属置换非金属的反应，非金属置换金属的反应，非金属转换非金属的反应。     

氧化还原反应的趋势及反应速度

以若干反应实例说明，在判断氧化还原反应时，除了要考虑反应进行的方向和程度以外，还应考虑反应的速度问题。     

硼酸作催化剂的博—克反应

为硼酸为催化剂，异丙醇为烷基取代剂，对苯酚的傅－克烷基化反应进行研究，并对反应的温度、配比等反应条件作了一些探讨。     

Clemmensen还原反应机理探讨

Ｃｌｅｍｍｅｎｓｅｎ还原反应有机化学中具有重要意义，其反应机理在现行有机教材中都没有解释，诸文献曾报导过，但对反应历程尚说法不一。文章试从反应条件分析，给出它的游离基反应历程。     

关于里克特（Richter）反应的机理研究

1870年，V．Richter发现硝基苯与氰化钾在乙醇的水溶液中加热转变为苯甲酸[1]，该反应称为Richter反应。KcN当时，Kekule刚提出苯的环状结构式不久，关于本环上取代基的排列问题仍然是争论的焦点。然而Richter用对硝基澳苯的反应证明俊基不直接取代硝基所在的位置，而是进入其邻位。LIJtLj显然这里不是简单的取出反应。R！chter解释为在反应中山HCN对苯环加成产生（1），（二）失去亚硝酸得到（2），（2）再水解成政酸。由于该反应没有很大的实际意义，所以很长一段时间未受到人们的重视。直到75年后，Bunnett又开始研究这个反应问‘…     

CaCl2.2CH3OH醇合反应动力学研究

建立了一套简单的储能醇合反应的实验装置，并利用该装置研究了该反应动力学的某些问题．探讨了反应温度条件、反应循环次数、固体颗粒大小、反应床层厚度、温度和压力等对醇合反应速率的影响，提出了宏观反应的两段模型假定．     

雾中的水相反应问题

本文概述了雾中溶解气体的反应途径和液体水雾中水相反应机理，反应速率的评价表明，H2O2和O3引起S(IV)的水相氧化反应是重要的，而氮化物的水相氧化反应而不重要。     

关于邻基参与反应的特点

邻基参与反应的主要特点是：使反应速率加快、产物的构型保持不变、导致重排现象和环状化合物的生成。分析邻基参与反应的特点，对于研究和推测索棱取代反应的反应速率、反应历程、产物的结构和构型等方面都具有重要意义。     

反应分离过程模拟：Ⅱ.反应闪蒸过程

采用变换变量的概念，将反应闪蒸过程模型变换为普通的非反应闪蒸模型。新模型将反应与相平衡相结合，避免了反应量的计算，且适用于含有惰性组分的反应闪蒸过程。以含有惰性组分的ＭＴＢＥ反应闪蒸过程为例，用非反应闪蒸方法进行计算，得到了关于反应闪蒸的一般结论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that