PDK1结构与功能研究进展

PDK1是AGC蛋白激酶家族里面的一个丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。PDK1与PIP3的结合对于有效激活Akt等激酶,从而控制细胞生长、分化、生存、蛋白质翻译和葡萄糖代谢具有重要意义。本综述对PDK1的结构和功能进行了介绍,对于了解PDK1以及其调控的相关信号通路分子具有重要意义。     

CHP与钙调神经磷酸酶的活性调节

作为惟一受Ca2 调节的蛋白磷酸酶,钙调神经磷酸酶(CN)在多种生物学过程中发挥关键性的调控作用,包括T细胞活化,记忆的形成,心肌肥大的发生,细胞周期调控等.CN的丝/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶活性受Ca2 /Calmodulin等诸多生物因子的共同调节,其中钙调神经磷酸酶B亚基同源蛋白(CHP)是最近研究较多的CN调节分子之一.近年来CN的研究进展主要体现在其生物学功能,相关信号传导通路及活性调节等方面.     

BLAP75蛋白在细胞有丝分裂期中的磷酸化研究

BLAP75为分子量75kDa的一个维持基因组稳定性的重要蛋白,但是其在细胞有丝分裂期中的分子调控机制尚不清楚.运用Western印迹和细胞有丝分裂期细胞同步化技术,检测BLAP75蛋白在细胞有丝分裂期的变化,以及采用蛋白磷酸酶反应和基因定点突变技术来确定BLAP75蛋白的磷酸化位点.研究发现,当细胞处于有丝分裂期时,BLAP75蛋白会受到翻译后磷酸化修饰,位于BLAP75蛋白中部的第284位丝氨酸和第292位丝氨酸是其磷酸化位点.     

拟南芥富天冬酰胺蛋白NRP与PP6型磷酸酶FyPP3具有相互作用

NRP是植物体内被研究发现具有响应胁迫并会引起细胞凋亡的一个蛋白.Fy PP3在植物体内作为一种PP6型的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶,可以对Phy A、PIN以及ABI5等蛋白进行去磷酸化修饰,并调控各种响应途径.本文通过酵母双杂交实验发现NRP与Fy PP3之间具有相互作用,且通过GST pull-down验证.随后通过烟草瞬时转化实验,发现NRP定位在细胞质中,Fy PP3同时出现在细胞质与细胞核中,当二者同时存在时,共定位发生在细胞质中.说明NRP与Fy PP3是有相互作用的,且这样的相互作用是发生在细胞质中的.     

RSK3及其生物学功能

核糖体S6激酶3(RSK3)具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性,在人体组织中广泛表达.RSK3属于90ku的RSK家族,可通过促蛋白磷酸化作用在Ras-MAPK和PI3K-mTOR下游通路中作为重要的一级效应分子参与细胞增殖、细胞周期、细胞存活和分化等多方面的调控.简述RSK3的结构、表达、细胞中的调控机制与功能及其与疾病之间的关系.     

植物蛋白激酶MAPK及其在病原信号传导中的作用

植物蛋白激酶在信号传递过程中越来越受到关注。促细胞分裂剂激活性蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类存在于各种真核生物体中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶。它被上游激活因子MAPKK磷酸化而激活,并通过将底物蛋白上的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基磷酸化而传递信号。它与其他一些信号分子组成MAPK级联信号通路,接受外界刺激信号,将信号转入细胞内,影响特定基因的表达,它的作用受到不同因子的调节。文章主要介绍了植物体中的MAPK的结构特点、分类以及其在病原信号传导中的作用。     

固定化IFN-γ和TNF-α对HeLa细胞凋亡的长效诱导活性

采用光化学固定化方法将干扰素（IFN-）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-）共固定化在12孔聚苯乙烯培养板(PSt)上．无血清培养子宫颈癌（HeLa）细胞,通过动态细胞计数跟踪、倒置显微镜观察、磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻分析方法,研究细胞因子药物对HeLa细胞凋亡诱导作用的长效活性．结果表明,20ng/well的共固定化IFN-和TNF-能显著诱导HeLa细胞凋亡,在18天内,细胞发生了典型的凋亡,最高抑制活性可达94.12%,未见细胞有重新生长的现象．磷脂酰丝氨酸法分析也显示第3天和第6天的凋亡率为76.6%和88.7%．     

不带电荷极性氨基酸对兔肝中碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

采用生物化学方法中的有机溶剂分级沉淀法,对碱性磷酸酶进行了分离纯化,用金氏法测定其活性,并用Folin-酚法测定酶含量,然后筛选碱性磷酸酶的最适pH值和最适温度。在此条件下研究不带电荷极性氨基酸对兔肝中碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,兔肝中碱性磷酸酶的最适pH值为9.84,最适温度为39℃。在不带电荷极性氨基酸中甘氨酸、苏氨酸、半胱氨酸和天冬酰胺对碱性磷酸酶的活性有不同的抑制作用,而丝氨酸对碱性磷酸酶的活性有激活作用,这说明不带电荷极性氨基酸对酶活性抑制或激活作用与其侧链基团有关。     

ICBP90介导PI3K/AKT通路阻断剂LY294002抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖

目的:探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路特异性抑制剂LY294002在JurkatT细胞增殖中的作用.方法:以急性T细胞白血病胞(Jurkat T 细胞)为模型,PD98059和阿霉素为阳性对照,在倒置显微镜下观察LY294002对Jurkat T细胞的集落形成的影响,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)检测LY294002处理后Jurkat T细胞的增殖,流式细胞术检测LY294002处理后Jurkat T细胞周期的变化,Western blotting方法检测Jurkat T细胞中ICBP90蛋白的表达以确定其与LY294002抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖的关系.结果:LY294002能够显著抑制Jurkat T细胞的集落形成和增殖,使Jurkat T细胞停滞于G2/M 期,导致Jurkat T细胞ICBP90蛋白的表达显著降低,LY294002与阿霉素联合用药可产生一定的协同效应. 结论:LY294002通过下调Jur-katT细胞ICBP90蛋白的表达,抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖.     

自噬启动因子ULK1的生物学功能与靶向治疗研究进展

UNC-51样激酶1(ULK1)作为一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶是哺乳动物中的自噬启动因子,也是酵母中Atg1的同源蛋白.近年来,大量研究揭示了ULK1的结构特征及其生物学功能,并阐明了其调控自噬的途径及其与多种疾病的关系.最新研究还发现了一系列直接或间接靶向ULK1调节自噬的小分子化合物,为开发靶向自噬的新候选药物提供了线索.该文综述了ULK1作为自噬启动因子的复杂生物学功能、与多种疾病的关系及其潜在的靶向治疗应用.     

TOR(target of rapamycin)介导的翻译调控

TOR是细胞营养状态、能量状态的传感器,其信号转导系统参与了细胞外营养成分、生长因子等对细胞生长的调控,它通过调控蛋白质翻译过程的多个环节,如通过调控S6KI、4E-BPI、eEF2等多种因子的生物功能,从而在蛋白质翻译的起始、延伸等多个水平调控体内蛋白质的翻译,从而影响细胞的生长以及细胞周期的调控。     

A Tyr/Ser protein phosphatase encoded by vaccinia virus.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with alterations in receptor activity, cellular proliferation and modulation of the cell cycle. Inappropriate tyrosine phosphorylation can lead to unrestrained cell growth and oncogenesis. Enzymes important in tyrosine dephosphorylation have also been described. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) consist of two families. There is a receptor-like family of PTPases with an extracellular domain, transmembrane-spanning region and typically two repeated phosphatase domains. Proteins of the non-receptor-like family have a single catalytic phosphatase domain, show a substrate specificity for Tyr phosphate and will not hydrolyse Ser or Thr phosphate. Here we report that the vaccinia virus genome contains an open reading frame which shares amino-acid sequence identity with the PTPases. The purified protein encoded by the vaccinia virus H1 open reading frame expressed in bacteria hydrolyses substrates containing phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine. Mutagenesis of an essential Cys in the vaccinia phosphatase abolishes catalytic activity directed towards both substrates, suggesting that hydrolysis proceeds by a common mechanism. Understanding the function of the H1-encoded protein will help to define the role of the phosphatase in viral replication and pathogenesis.     

Structural basis of protein phosphatase 1 regulation

The coordinated and reciprocal action of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases and phosphatases produces transient phosphorylation, a fundamental regulatory mechanism for many biological processes. The human genome encodes a far greater number of Ser/Thr protein kinases than of phosphatases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), in particular, is ubiquitously distributed and regulates a broad range of cellular functions, including glycogen metabolism, cell-cycle progression and muscle relaxation. PP1 has evolved effective catalytic machinery but lacks substrate specificity. Substrate specificity is conferred upon PP1 through interactions with a large number of regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunits are generally unrelated, but most possess the RVxF motif, a canonical PP1-binding sequence. Here we reveal the crystal structure at 2.7 A resolution of the complex between PP1 and a 34-kDa N-terminal domain of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1. MYPT1 is the protein that regulates PP1 function in smooth muscle relaxation. Structural elements amino- and carboxy-terminal to the RVxF motif of MYPT1 are positioned in a way that leads to a pronounced reshaping of the catalytic cleft of PP1, contributing to the increased myosin specificity of this complex. The structure has general implications for the control of PP1 activity by other regulatory subunits.     

蓝藻真核型蛋白质激酶与信号传导

对最近10年在蓝藻中找到大量编码Ser／Thr基因的研究结果进行了综述,并对这些蛋白质激酶在信号传导中的作用模式做了讨论．     

黑眉锦蛇小肠碱性磷酸酶的分离纯化及其部分性质研究

作者对黑眉锦蛇小肠碱性磷酸酶（AKP）进行了分离纯化,对其部分性质进行研究的结果表明,Ser,Thr,Lys和Trp残基是黑眉锦蛇小肠AKP的必需功能基团,部分二硫键对保护酶的催化功能也是必需的。     

Cell cycle oscillation of phosphatase inhibitor-2 in rat fibroblasts coincident with p34cdc2 restriction

Attention has focused on the regulation of the eucaryotic cell division cycle since the protein kinase p34cdc2 was identified as a key enzyme in mitotic induction. The level of this kinase remains constant throughout the cell cycle but its activity alters, particularly before M phase. Although the factors regulating cdc2 activity are still unknown, there is increasing evidence that it is influenced by p34cdc2 dephosphorylation. Protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (I2) is a specific inhibitor of phosphatase type-1, which with type-2A is one of the two principal Ser(P) and Thr(P) phosphatases. Here we show that the level of I2, assayed by immunofluorescence staining, activity measurements, western immunoblotting and metabolic labelling, oscillates during the cell cycle in rat fibroblasts, peaking at S phase and mitosis. Moreover, when we inhibited I2 in vivo by microinjection of anti-I2 antibodies in S-phase cells, the pseudo-mitotic cellular response to injected p34cdc2 was restored, indicating that I2 might have a role in the modulation of p34cdc2 activity.     

金黄色葡萄球菌sPP2C的克隆、表达及性质研究

从金黄色葡萄球菌基因文库中克隆了一条新的双特异性磷酸酶，命名为sPP2C (protein phosphatase 2C, Staphylococcus aureus). sPP2C基因具有741个碱基，编码的蛋白有247个氨基酸，具有一个蛋白磷酸酶2C的催化结构域.sPP2C的分子量为26.1 kD，等电点为4.95.在E.Coli. Rossetta中表达蛋白sPP2C.高纯度的sPP2C用亲和层析的方法纯化得到.酶学研究结果表明：sPP2C对磷酸酶的通用底物硝基苯磷酸 (p-nitrophenyl　phosphate, pNPP)不起作用，而与pSer/Thr和pTyr的寡肽均有去磷酸化作用.这些实验结果说明sPP2C是一个新的双特异性磷酸酶.     

Potential existence of two independent centrosometargeting domains in PP4

Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is an important member in the PPP family of protein Ser/Thr phosphatases. It has been proven to regulate a variety of cellular processes such as centrosome maturation, micro- tubule nucleation, splicesome assembly, and JNK pathway activation. Compared to the crystallized and structurally well defined phosphatase PP1 and PP2B, little is known about the structure of PP4. Besides the conserved motifs characteristic of the PPP family, no information is available on the other domains of PP4. PP4 is reported to localize to the centrosome in many species such as Drosophila, Caenor- habditis elegans and mammalian cells, which suggests a conserved role of PP4 in the regulation of centrosome function. Unlike several other centrosomal proteins, no sequence has been identified for PP4 that can target it to specific centrosomal localization. In this study, we used a combination of PCR mutagenesis and transient expression of GFP-tagged proteins in mammalian cells, and identified two PP4 centrosome-targeting domains of 68―136 and 134―220 aa. These two domains may be associated for appropriate localization to the centrosome. The findings are useful for further elucidating the func- tion of the domains and other structural characteristics of PP4.