The global record of memory in hippocampal neuronal activity

In humans the hippocampal region of the brain is crucial for declarative or episodic memory for a broad range of materials. In contrast, there has been controversy over whether the hippocampus mediates a similarly general memory function in other species, or whether it is dedicated to spatial memory processing. Evidence for the spatial view is derived principally from the observations of 'place cells'-hippocampal neurons that fire whenever the animal is in a particular location in its environment, or when it perceives a specific stimulus or performs a specific behaviour in a particular place. We trained rats to perform the same recognition memory task in several distinct locations in a rich spatial environment and found that the activity of many hippocampal neurons was related consistently to perceptual, behavioural or cognitive events, regardless of the location where these events occurred. These results indicate that nonspatial events are fundamental elements of hippocampal representation, and support the view that, across species, the hippocampus has a broad role in information processing associated with memory.     

Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory

A dialogue between the hippocampus and the neocortex is thought to underlie the formation, consolidation and retrieval of episodic memories, although the nature of this cortico-hippocampal communication is poorly understood. Using selective electrolytic lesions in rats, here we examined the role of the direct entorhinal projection (temporoammonic, TA) to the hippocampal area CA1 in short-term (24 hours) and long-term (four weeks) spatial memory in the Morris water maze. When short-term memory was examined, both sham- and TA-lesioned animals showed a significant preference for the target quadrant. When re-tested four weeks later, sham-lesioned animals exhibited long-term memory; in contrast, the TA-lesioned animals no longer showed target quadrant preference. Many long-lasting memories require a process called consolidation, which involves the exchange of information between the cortex and hippocampus. The disruption of long-term memory by the TA lesion could reflect a requirement for TA input during either the acquisition or consolidation of long-term memory. To distinguish between these possibilities, we trained animals, verified their spatial memory 24 hours later, and then subjected trained animals to TA lesions. TA-lesioned animals still exhibited a deficit in long-term memory, indicating a disruption of consolidation. Animals in which the TA lesion was delayed by three weeks, however, showed a significant preference for the target quadrant, indicating that the memory had already been adequately consolidated at the time of the delayed lesion. These results indicate that, after learning, ongoing cortical input conveyed by the TA path is required to consolidate long-term spatial memory.     

Protein synthesis inhibition in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala facilitates extinction of auditory fear memory

It is known that consolidation of fear conditioning requires de novo protein synthesis in the amygdala. However, there is controversy about the role of protein synthesis in post-retrieval extinction of fear memory. The present study investigated the effect of protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) in the baso- lateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) on post-retrieval extinction of auditory fear memory. Intra-BLA infu- sion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin ‘0’ h post-retrieval facilitated the extinction, but was ineffective if the memory was not retrieved. Anisomycin had no effect on the extinction when it was infused 6 h post-retrieval. The present results suggest that there exists a protein-synthesis-dependent mechanism in the BLA that retards extinction of auditory fear memory.     

一类带恐惧效应的三物种食物链模型的分支分析

主要研究了恐惧效应对三物种食物链模型中分支动态的影响,运用中心流形定理和局部分支理论分析了Hopf分支、transcritical分支和saddle-node分支的存在性,并给出相应的数值模拟结果。研究结果表明,分支是种群发生失稳和周期性振荡的根本原因,从而揭示了恐惧效应是维持种群稳定的重要因素。     

一类具恐惧效应捕食者-食饵模型解的分歧

研究一类Dirichlet边值条件下的捕食-食饵模型加入恐惧效应后其平衡解的性质.给出半平凡解存在的条件,利用极值原理和上下解方法,给出了平衡态正解先验估计,利用局部分歧理论,证明了加入恐惧效应后的捕食-食饵模型在半平凡解附近发生了分歧,数值模拟也再次证实了半平凡解处的分歧是存在的.所有结果表明,加入恐惧效应后的捕食-...     

具有相互干扰和恐惧效应的Leslie-Gower捕食-食饵模型的全局稳定性

研究了一类具有相互干扰和恐惧效应的Leslie-Gower捕食-食饵模型.利用blow-up方法研究了原点的稳定性.进一步研究了唯一正平衡的存在性和稳定性,并说明相互干扰和恐惧效应对正平衡的稳定性没有影响,但是可以改变唯一正平衡的值.并通过一些数值模拟验证了主要结论.     

Analysis of a spatial orientation memory in Drosophila

Flexible goal-driven orientation requires that the position of a target be stored, especially in case the target moves out of sight. The capability to retain, recall and integrate such positional information into guiding behaviour has been summarized under the term spatial working memory. This kind of memory contains specific details of the presence that are not necessarily part of a long-term memory. Neurophysiological studies in primates indicate that sustained activity of neurons encodes the sensory information even though the object is no longer present. Furthermore they suggest that dopamine transmits the respective input to the prefrontal cortex, and simultaneous suppression by GABA spatially restricts this neuronal activity. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster possesses a similar spatial memory during locomotion. Using a new detour setup, we show that flies can remember the position of an object for several seconds after it has been removed from their environment. In this setup, flies are temporarily lured away from the direction towards their hidden target, yet they are thereafter able to aim for their former target. Furthermore, we find that the GABAergic (stainable with antibodies against GABA) ring neurons of the ellipsoid body in the central brain are necessary and their plasticity is sufficient for a functional spatial orientation memory in flies. We also find that the protein kinase S6KII (ignorant) is required in a distinct subset of ring neurons to display this memory. Conditional expression of S6KII in these neurons only in adults can restore the loss of the orientation memory of the ignorant mutant. The S6KII signalling pathway therefore seems to be acutely required in the ring neurons for spatial orientation memory in flies.     

Depletion of intracellular calcium stores activates a calcium current in mast cells.

In many cell types, receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores is followed by Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The sustained entry of Ca2+ is thought to result partly from the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools. Most investigations have characterized Ca2+ influx indirectly by measuring Ca(2+)-activated currents or using Fura-2 quenching by Mn2+, which in some cells enters the cells by the same influx pathway. But only a few studies have investigated this Ca2+ entry pathway more directly. We have combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements to monitor membrane currents in mast cells under conditions where intracellular Ca2+ stores were emptied by either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionomycin, or excess of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. The depletion of Ca2+ pools by these independent mechanisms commonly induced activation of a sustained calcium inward current that was highly selective for Ca2+ ions over Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+. This Ca2+ current, which we term ICRAC (calcium release-activated calcium), is not voltage-activated and shows a characteristic inward rectification. It may be the mechanism by which electrically nonexcitable cells maintain raised intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and replenish their empty Ca2+ stores after receptor stimulation.     

大鼠海马神经元neurobasal无血清的原代培养方法

目的:建立纯度和活力较高的无血清原代培养海马神经元的方法。方法:新生SD大鼠海马,用neuro-basal培养基培养,免疫荧光鉴定神经元纯度,MTT法检测其活力。结果:神经元接种12~24 h后贴壁,并长出细小突起,3 d具有典型神经元形态特征,4 d突起形成稀疏的神经纤维网络,8 d后神经元5~10个聚集成团,突起密集,生长稳定,12 d后出现细胞碎片。Tubulin荧光染色显示清晰的神经元,突起绵长且相互交织,占细胞总数的66.7%;GFAP荧光染色的细胞数量少,突起短粗,占33.7%。培养1~5 d MTT代谢率逐渐上升,6~11 d处于平台期,11 d后下降。结论:neurobasal无血清培养获得的神经元纯度大于60%,6~11 d的细胞适于细胞学实验。     

基于共享内存的STL容器分配器设计及实现

设计并实现了一个基于共享内存的STL容器分配器,使用该分配器的STL容器对象将数据元素直接存储到共享内存中,可以方便地在多进程之间实现STL容器元素级别的数据共享.     

Mapping photonic entanglement into and out of a quantum memory

Developments in quantum information science rely critically on entanglement-a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics that causes parts of a composite system to show correlations stronger than can be explained classically. In particular, scalable quantum networks require the capability to create, store and distribute entanglement among distant matter nodes by means of photonic channels. Atomic ensembles can play the role of such nodes. So far, in the photon-counting regime, heralded entanglement between atomic ensembles has been successfully demonstrated through probabilistic protocols. But an inherent drawback of this approach is the compromise between the amount of entanglement and its preparation probability, leading to intrinsically low count rates for high entanglement. Here we report a protocol where entanglement between two atomic ensembles is created by coherent mapping of an entangled state of light. By splitting a single photon and performing subsequent state transfer, we separate the generation of entanglement and its storage. After a programmable delay, the stored entanglement is mapped back into photonic modes with overall efficiency of 17%. Together with improvements in single-photon sources, our protocol will allow 'on-demand' entanglement of atomic ensembles, a powerful resource for quantum information science.     

具有非线性记忆项的波动方程的整体吸引子

基于先验估计的方法,在有界开区域Ω∈Rn上证明了具有非线性记忆项的弱阻尼波动方程utt＋αut＋σ｜ut｜mut-Δu-∫0tμ（t-s）｜u（s）｜βu（s）ds＋g（u）=f的整体吸引子的存在性.首先,我们在H0^1（Ω）×L^2（Ω）中建立该方程的解u的一个时间一致先验估计,证明了吸收集的存在性.其次,在空间H0^1（Ω）×L^2（Ω）中,我们把该方程诱导出的半群S（t）分解为S1（t）与S2（t）,然后,我们利用一致能量估计证明了S2（t）的一致衰减性,最后利用格林算子证明了S1（t）的紧性,从而得出S（t）的整体吸引子的存在性.     

准循环LDPC码低存储量译码器设计与实现

研究了准循环低密度奇偶校验(quasi-cyclic low density parity check,QC-LDPC)码及最小和译码算法,设计了合理的非均匀量化译码方案。充分利用准循环LDPC码校验矩阵的准循环结构特点,设计了一种低存储量准循环LDPC码的译码结构,详细描述各部分组成及功能。基于最小和译码算法及非均匀量化方案,给出了纠错性能的模拟测试结果。按照该译码结构在Xilinx公司的XC3S2000器件上实现了码长为9216、码率为1/2的准循环LDPC码译码器。FPGA(field programmable gate array)实现结果表明,与传统译码结构相比,该译码结构可节省约30%的存储空间,在性能与实现复杂度间取得了较好的平衡。     

准循环LDPC码低存储量译码器设计与实现

研究了准循环低密度奇偶校验 (quasicyclic low density parity check, QCLDPC) 码及最小和译码算法,设计了合理的非均匀量化译码方案。充分利用准循环LDPC码校验矩阵的准循环结构特点,设计了一种低存储量准循环LDPC码的译码结构,详细描述各部分组成及功能。基于最小和译码算法及非均匀量化方案,给出了纠错性能的模拟测试结果。按照该译码结构在Xilinx公司的XC3S2000器件上实现了码长为9 216、码率为1/2的准循环LDPC码译码器。FPGA（field programmable gate array）实现结果表明,与传统译码结构相比,该译码结构可节省约30%的存储空间,在性能与实现复杂度间取得了较好的平衡。     

Effects of aging on the microstructure of a Cu-Al-Ni-Mn shape memory alloy

The influence of aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-11.6wt%Al-3.9wt%Ni-2.5wt%Mn shape memory alloy (SMA) was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Experimental results show that bainite, γ_2, and α phase precipitates occur with the aging effect in the alloy. After aging at 300dgC, the bainitic precipitates appear at the early stages of aging, while the precipitates of γ₂ phase are observed for a longer aging time. When the aging temperature increases, the bainite gradually evolves into γ₂ phase and equilibrium α phase (bcc) precipitates from the remaining parent phase. Thus, the bainite, γ₂, and α phases appear, while the martensite phase disappears progressively in the alloy. The bainitic precipitates decrease the reverse transformation temperature while the γ₂ phase precipitates increase these temperatures with a decrease of solute content in the retained parent phase. On the other hand, these precipitations cause an increasing in hardness of the alloy.