超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在CO_2 及H_2 S/CO_2 环境中的腐蚀行为

在模拟油田腐蚀环境中,通过高温、高压、CO2和H2S/CO2腐蚀实验及电化学测试,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:在CO2腐蚀环境中,随着温度的升高,超级13Cr的均匀腐蚀速率呈稍微上升的趋势,点蚀轻微;在H2S、CO2共存条件下,超级13Cr的均匀腐蚀速率变化不大,点蚀严重,当Cl-的质量浓度为160g.L-1时,其最大点蚀深度可达28μm.超级13Cr的点蚀电位明显高于普通13Cr的点蚀电位,温度升高、Cl-的质量浓度增大和H2S气体的存在降低了超级13Cr的点蚀电位,而CO2对超级13Cr的点蚀电位影响不大;在N2、CO2环境中,超级13Cr的回复电位都在钝化区间,且回复电位较高,具有良好的再钝化能力.H2S气体的存在同样使超级13Cr的回复电位和点蚀电位显著降低.     

X60钢在不同温度下的CO2腐蚀行为

为了研究腐蚀因素与腐蚀速率的关系，通过在NACE溶液（5％NaCl＋0.5％CH3COOH）中进行饱和CO2浸泡腐蚀实验，利用失重法、电子显微镜（SEM）和数码相机等方法研究了X60管线钢在30、60和90℃温度条件下的腐蚀行为，研究结果表明，X60钢在90℃条件下的腐蚀速率比在30和60℃条件下高一个数量级，为12.8858mm／a,在30℃时，试样表面无明显点蚀特征，在60℃条件下试样表面仅仅出现点蚀，其余部分平整，而在90℃条件下试样表面不仅出现严重的台地腐蚀而且出现线蚀槽，腐蚀严重。在60℃条件下，点蚀周围富集Cl-，说明Cl-在坑内富集，是引起点蚀成核的主要原因。     

2507双相不锈钢在SO2污染模拟海水中的腐蚀行为

采用开路电位、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、Mott-Schottky曲线和浸泡腐蚀实验研究了2507双相不锈钢在含不同浓度(0,0.001和0.01 mol·L-1)NaHSO3模拟海水中的腐蚀行为.研究表明:开路电位随NaHSO3浓度的增加而负移,腐蚀倾向增大;电荷转移电阻Rt随浓度的增加而减小,耐蚀性降低;2507不锈钢的腐蚀形态为局部腐蚀,点蚀程度随浓度升高有所加剧,腐蚀速率随浓度的增加而增大;Mott-Schottky曲线和成膜后电化学阻抗谱测试表明,NaHSO3的加入增加了2507不锈钢表面钝化膜的点缺陷浓度,降低了钝化膜的稳定性,电荷转移阻力减小,腐蚀更容易发生.这可能归因于NaHSO3的加入增加了模拟海水的酸度,并随NaHSO3浓度的增加促进了不锈钢表面钝化膜的破坏.     

热处理工艺及环境介质对2Cr13钢腐蚀疲劳性能的影响

本文研究了2Cr13钢在正常调质处理与双重处理(见表2)后,在不同介质条件(大气,水溶液,22%Nacl 水溶液)、不同温度(40℃,80℃)、以及不同应力集中系数(K_1=1.74,K_1=3)下对腐蚀疲劳特性的影响。研究表明,在大气中双重处理比普通调质工艺下的腐蚀疲劳强度(N=10~7)提高7%,在80℃,3%Nacl水溶液中,在与正常调质腐蚀疲劳极限(N=10~7)相同的应力水平下,双重处理后的疲劳寿命可提高两倍以上。用扫描电镜观察了疲劳断口,正常调质后2Cr13钢在80℃,Nacl 水溶液中疲劳源多数由点蚀引起,而双重处理后裂纹源却不一定萌生于蚀坑,它属于点蚀与腐蚀疲劳相叠加的不稳定钝化态腐蚀疲劳。双重处理后具有较高的点蚀抗力和良好的韧性是腐蚀疲劳强度提高的主要原因。     

304不锈钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

采用扫描电镜、能谱、电化学阻抗谱和拉曼光谱等分析测试手段,研究了西沙群岛苛刻海洋大气环境下,经过不同时间暴露后304不锈钢的腐蚀行为和机理.304不锈钢在西沙大气暴露后的腐蚀类型主要是以局部腐蚀的点蚀为主,腐蚀产物主要由β-FeOOH、γ-Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄组成.随暴露时间的延长,不锈钢表面钝化膜的稳定性变差,点蚀数目增加、点蚀坑深度增大日.表面腐蚀产物覆盖率也逐渐增多.与其他部位相比,点蚀更容易在表面划痕处产生.提高表面加工精度,有助于提高其耐腐蚀性能.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的点蚀的敏感位置

本文研究了TiN夹杂对点蚀形核的影响。实验发现1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢微区点蚀形核敏感位置在TiN夹杂周围。AES结果表明TiN夹杂周围有一贫Cr区,Cr/Fe+Ni峰值低于基体。TiN夹杂周围是钝化膜的薄弱部位。TiN夹杂的存在降低了微区的点蚀破裂电位,即降低了不锈钢的耐点蚀性能。     

超级13Cr不锈钢的钝化膜耐蚀性与半导体特性

利用极化曲线和Mott-Schottky曲线,研究了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在100、130、150和170℃且含CO2和Cl-的腐蚀介质中浸泡7 d所形成的钝化膜的电化学行为和半导体性质.同时应用光电子能谱表面分析技术分析了超级13Cr钝化膜中的元素价态.结果表明,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢经腐蚀过后形成的钝化膜表层中Mo和Ni以各自硫化物的形式富集,而Cr以Cr的氧化物的形式富集.在100℃和130℃形成的钝化膜具有良好的耐蚀性,而在150℃和170℃形成的钝化膜耐蚀性下降.产生这种现象的原因与表面钝化膜的半导体性能密切相关,在100℃和130℃中形成的钝化膜具有双极性n-p型半导体特征,且随着温度升高掺杂数量增多,而150℃和170℃介质中形成的钝化膜为p型半导体,故随着温度升高,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能下降.     

冷凝液硫含量对SUS444铁素体不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

利用冷凝液浸蚀-高温氧化循环腐蚀法模拟汽车排气系统内部服役环境,借助失重分析、腐蚀形貌观察及腐蚀产物分析,研究了SUS444不锈钢在不同硫含量的冷凝液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,随着腐蚀循环次数的增加,不锈钢表面不断沉积的FeSO_4·7H_2O、Fe(NH_4)(SO_4)_2及Fe_4(SO_4)_5(OH)_2·18H_2O等硫酸盐物质加速了不锈钢的腐蚀进程,其点蚀深度及腐蚀速率均随冷凝液中硫含量的升高而增加。     

霉菌对超高强钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用扫描 Kelvin 探针测试技术,研究了300M 钢、Aermet100钢与超高强不锈钢在黄曲霉、黑曲霉、球毛壳霉、绳状青霉和杂色曲霉组成的混合霉菌菌种作用下的腐蚀行为.通过扫描电镜结合能谱分析对霉菌在三种超高强钢上的生长进行了观察和分析.300M 钢试样上霉菌呈现分散式堆积生长,数量逐渐增加;Aermet100钢试样上霉菌呈现分散式单个生长方式,数量逐渐增加;超高强不锈钢上霉菌呈现放射式网状生长方式,数量急剧增加,在钢表面形成一层生物膜.霉菌实验后,三种超高强钢表面都发生一定的腐蚀.300M 钢腐蚀最严重,蚀坑宽而浅;Aermet100钢次之,蚀坑窄而深;超高强不锈钢的耐蚀性最好.扫描 Kelvin 探针测试结果表明,霉菌一定程度上能促进300M 钢和 Aermet100钢的腐蚀,而对超高强度不锈钢的腐蚀行为有一定抑制作用.     

CO_2分压对J55油管腐蚀产物膜特征的影响

采用高温高压釜模拟井下动态腐蚀环境,使用扫描电镜(SEM)观测J55油管CO2腐蚀产物的结构特性,利用电化学技术研究腐蚀产物膜的电化学特征,使用X-射线衍射(XRD)分析腐蚀产物的成分。结果表明:随着CO2分压的升高,试样表面上的沉积物量和厚度逐渐增大,J55油管点蚀越发严重;膜层局部缺陷(如孔洞)是导致J55油管基体表面点蚀的主要诱因;在高CO2分压条件下,产物膜厚度增长变慢;随着CO2分压的升高,腐蚀产物膜保护性能降低,腐蚀产物膜的电位逐渐降低,电流密度逐渐增大,容抗弧半径逐渐减小,腐蚀受扩散控制减弱;高的CO2分压促进钙盐和镁盐的沉积,腐蚀产物不仅含有FeCO3和少量的Fe3C,还含有复盐Fe(Ca,Mg)(CO3)2。     

Effects of chloride ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel

The effects of Cl- ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel (UHSMSS) were investigated by a series of electrochemical tests combined with observations by stereology microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A critical Cl- ion concentration was found to exist (approximately 0.1wt%), above which pitting occurred. The pitting potential decreased with increasing Cl- ion concentration. A UHSMSS specimen tempered at 600°C exhibited a better pitting corrosion resistance than the one tempered at 400°C. The corrosion current density and passive current density of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C decreased with increasing pH values of the corrosion solution. The pits developed a shallower dish geometry with increasing polarization potential. A lacy cover on the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 400°C accelerated pitting, whereas corrosion products deposited in the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C hindered pitting.     

碳钢高温高压CO2腐蚀产物膜的形成机制

利用高温高压反应釜模拟了N80钢在CO2分压1MPa、温度90℃、流速1ms-1条件下地层水中不同时间的腐蚀行为,并应用SEM、EDS和XRD等微观分析手段研究了腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌、成分和结构特征,探讨了腐蚀产物膜的形成机制. 结果表明:在腐蚀开始阶段(8h),腐蚀产物主要为Fe3C,并有少量的FeCO3形成. 随着腐蚀的进行(72h后),腐蚀产物膜基本上为FeCO3. 腐蚀产物膜由内外两层构成:内层膜是溶液中HCO-3不断透过膜进入膜/基界面与基体反应形成,并使膜/基界面不断向内推进;外层膜是由于溶液中Fe2 和CO2-3的浓度超过FeCO3的容度积,FeCO3晶体在内层膜表面形核并长大而形成. 外层膜的晶粒比较细小、致密. 内层膜与外层膜的界面结合比较弱,而内层膜与基体的结合比较强.     

Intergranular corrosion behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNSS) sensitization treated at 650-950℃ was investigated by the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The effects of the electrolytes, scan rate, sensitizing temperature on the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS were examined. The results show that the addi-tion of NaCl is an effective way to improve the formation of the cracking of a passive film in chromium-depleted zones during the reactivation scan. Decreasing the scan rate exhibits an obvious effect on the breakdown of the passive film. A solution with 2 mol/L H₂SO₄+1 mol/L NaCl+0.01 mol/L KSCN is suitable to check the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS at a sensitizing temperature of 650-950℃ at a suitable scan rate of 1.667 mV/s. Chromium depletion of HNSS is attributed to the precipitation of Cr₂N which results in the susceptibility to IGC. The synergistic effect of Mo and N is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing the passive film to prevent the attack of IGC.     

Effect of electroslag remelting on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel

The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel was experimentally studied. Phases precipitated from liquid steel during solidification were calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. The carbon segregation was analyzed by original position analysis (OPA), and the carbides were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that more uniform carbon distribution and less segregation were obtained in the case of samples subjected to the ESR process. After ESR, the amount of netty carbides decreased significantly, and the chromium and vanadium contents in the grain-boundary carbides was reduced. The total area and average size of carbides were obviously smaller after the ESR process. In the sample subjected to ESR, the morphology of carbides changed from lamellar and angular to globular or lump, whereas the types of carbides did not change; both M₂₃C₆ and M₇C₃ were present before and after the ESR process.     

氯离子对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢点损伤行为的影响

采用高温高压模拟环境装置和实时动电位极化和交流阻抗技术对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢在模拟井下不同氯离子环境中电极的腐蚀失重和电化学行为进行了研究.实验结果表明,当地层水或者钻井液中氯离子浓度较高时,Cr13不锈钢表面的点损伤难以避免;随着氯离子浓度的升高,Cr13的均匀腐蚀速率增大,试样表面点蚀坑增多;局部氯离子以FeCl2和FeCl3形式吸附是造成钝化膜损伤的主要原因.应尽量减少仪器在含氯离子环境中的停留时间或提高材料等级.     

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNSS) were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution, respectively. The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel. With increasing the nitrogen content in steels, pitting potentials and critical pitting temperature (CPT) increase, and the maximum, average pit depths and average weight loss decrease. The CPT of HNSS is correlated with the alloying element content through the measure of alloying for resistance to corrosion (MARC). The MARC can be expressed as an equation of CPT=2.55MARC-29. XPS results show that HNSS exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to the enrichment of nitrogen on the surface of passive films, which forms ammonium ions increasing the local pH value and facilitating repassivation, and the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.