TBP萃取一元有机酸的研究

考察了不同稀释剂中ＴＢＰ对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取。探讨了被萃取物结构与萃取性能的关系及稀释剂性质和温度对萃取的影响。     

有机酸在液液两相间分配的溶剂效应

考察了甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸、苯甲酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸和己二酸等１３种有机酸在水相与各种有机溶剂间分配的溶剂效应。结果表明，在惰性溶剂正己烷、环己烷、四氯化碳、苯、甲苯、三氯甲烷等中，丁酸和苯甲酸分配显著，溶剂的极性是影响分配性能的主要因素，有机酸在其中以二聚体形式存在，在非惰性溶剂ＴＢＰ、环己酮、正丁醇、正戊醇、ＭＩＢＫ、乙酸丁酯等中，各种有机酸均有显著分配，有机酸在其中以单体形式存在，影响分配性能的主要因素是空腔作用、偶极作用和氢键等。     

乙酸光氯化合成三氯乙酸宏观动力学研究

针对乙酸光氯化制备三氯乙酸反应过程，采用带有溢流的环流反应器，在半连续条件下测定乙酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸浓度随时间的变化规律。建立了乙酸光氯化反应过程的宏观动力学方程，考虑到Cl2与乙酸、氯乙酸和二氯乙酸的反应存在竞争性，通过引入“竞争因子”提高备组分浓度模型计算值与实验值的拟合度，并估计出动力学参数。结果表明，加入“竞争因子”的平行-连串宏观动力学模型能准确地反映己酸光氯化合成三氯乙酸的反应动力学规律。     

磷酸三丁酯萃取羧酸的研究

研究了甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸在甲苯和水体系中的分配，用分配法并佐以红外光谱确立了磷酸三丁酯和甲苯体系对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸的萃取机理；分别求得了分配平衡常数Ｋｄ和萃取平衡常数Ｋｅｘ及分配平衡和萃取平衡的焓变，发现ｌｇＫｄ及ｌｇＫｅｘ与羧酸的碳原子数ｎ存在良好的线性关系     

磷酸三丁酯萃取羧酸的研究

研究了甲酸，乙酸，丙酸，丁酸戊酸在甲苯和水体系中的分配，用分配法并佐以红外光谱确立了三丁酯和甲苯体系对甲酸，乙酸，丙酸，丁酸，戊酸的萃取机理，分别求得了分配平衡常数Ｋｔ和萃取平衡常数Ｋｅｘ及分配平衡和萃取平衡的焓变，发现ｌｇＫｄ及ｌｇＫｅｘ与羧酸的碳原子数ｎ存在良好的线性关系。     

乙酸氯化合成氯乙酸动力学研究

研究了催化剂浓度、反应温度及氯气流量对氯化过程的影响,得到了不同条件下氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的浓度随反应时间的变化规律.结果表明,乙酸氯化反应主要机理为连串反应,增加催化剂用量、提高反应温度和Cl_2在反应体系中的浓度均可提高一氯乙酸的生成速率和最大浓度;最优反应条件为:120℃,催化剂用量20 mL,Cl_2流量300 mL/min.将乙酰氯损失修正项引入拟一级连串反应动力学模型,可使拟合的总残差平方和由60.43降低至40.33.一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸生成反应的活化能分别为50.02、53.96和68.15 kJ/mol.     

分光光度法测定水样中三氯乙酸的影响因素

主要对分光光度法测定水样中三氯乙酸实验进行了研究,并着重分析了溶液中的二氯乙酸,一氯乙酸对三氯乙酸的测定实验结果的影响。结果表明,当水样中只有三氯乙酸时,在530 nm处进行吸光度法检测,其线性检测范围为0~10 mg/L,相关线斜率为0.1106,相关系数R2=0.9999,最大加标回收率为99.98%,最小相对标准偏差为1.78%。当三氯乙酸水样中有等浓度的二氯乙酸时,相关线斜率为0.1087,且对等浓度二氯乙酸进行530 nm处分光光度法检测时,二氯乙酸的最大影响百分比达8.73%;当三氯乙酸水样中有等浓度的一氯乙酸时,相关线斜率为0.1118,且对等浓度一氯乙酸进行530 nm处分光光度法检测时,一氯乙酸的最大影响百分比最大达3.49%。     

离子色谱法同时测定环境样品中有机酸的研究

建立了一种离子色谱法同时测定水中的甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸相对含量的检测方法。采用抑制型电导检测器,检测器温度35℃;Ion Pac AS11-HC型分离柱(250 mm×4 mm),Ion Pac AG11-HC型保护柱(50 mm×4 mm),柱温30℃;KOH淋洗液梯度洗脱,KOH浓度0~17.0 min时1.0 mmol/L,17.1~25.0 min时30.0 mmol/L,25.1~30.0 min时1.0 mmol/L;流速为1.2 m L/min时,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸能够达到分离要求,其检出限分别为0.004、0.005、0.004、0.005 mg/L。4种有机酸在0.2~3.0 mg/L范围具有较好的线性相关性,其相关系数在0.999 1~0.999 5范围内。将0.2、1.0 mg/L的标准溶液重复进样11次,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的相对标准偏差均小于2%,精密度较好。对水样进行加标回收实验,结果显示甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的回收率均在95.3%~98.7%之间。     

羧酸(-COOH)的络合萃取

羧酸是带有羧基的有机化合物,是一类极性有机化合物.羧酸在日常生活和工业生产中应用越来越广泛,其重要性也越来越显著.为了减少资源的浪费和环境污染,实现可持续发展,探讨安全有效、经济实用、易于实现自动化的羧酸分离技术,是化学工作者的研究方向.络合萃取是基于可逆络合化学反应,来萃取分离极性有机物稀溶液的高效、高选择性、经济成本低、易于实现自动化的方法,对高纯物质制备和高浓度有机废水的处理具有广阔的应用前景.本文综述了2008年6月至2020年5月期间在国内外公开发表的络合萃取羧酸方面的文献;总结了一元羧酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、羟基乙酸、3-羟基丙酸、乳酸、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙醛酸、丙酮酸、α-亚麻酸)、二元羧酸(草酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、衣康酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、己二酸、戊二酸、庚二酸)、多元羧酸(柠檬酸、丙烯三甲酸)、芳香族羧酸(苯甲酸、苯乙酸、羟基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸、没食子酸、2,3-二苯基丙酸)的萃取条件、萃取机理、萃取工艺,比较了其在不同萃取体系中的萃取效果;总结了离子液体萃取羧酸的状况及盐效应对络合萃取效果的影响.结果发现:羧酸和萃取剂的界面反应机制受有机相的极性影响,极性稀释剂的加入可有效提高萃取剂的萃取效率;盐效应对络合萃取效率有正影响,氯化钠等无机盐的加入,可使萃取有机物的成本下降;与传统络合萃取相比,离子液体“更绿色”,使用疏水性离子液体萃取羧酸的效果优于其他离子液体.同时对络合萃取动力学的情况进行了归纳,从动力学的角度分析了萃取剂及萃取反应的工艺可行性.进一步分析发现:新型萃取剂与萃取工艺的研发、反萃取技术与萃取动力学的研究、盐效应对络合萃取的影响规律、络合萃取与其他技术(分离、氧化还原、催化、吸附等)的联合应用等将是作者今后努力的方向.     

对固相微萃取-GC-MS测定水中痕量氯乙酸的研究

固相萃取-目相微萃取-气质联用法对一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸进行分析,水样体积为200ml时,此方法检出限分别为:0.010mg/L、0.007mg/L、0.008mg/L,加标回收率为94～106%,5次平行测定的相对标准偏差为5.58～7.29%.取1000ml广州市自来水测定其中氯乙酸含量的结果是:一氯乙酸4....     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that