Influence of FeO and sulfur on solid state reaction between MnO-SiO_2-FeO oxides and an Fe-Mn-Si solid alloy during heat treatment at 1473 K

To clarify the influence of Fe O and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe-Mn-Si alloy and Mn O-Si O2-Fe O oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents in the oxides were produced and investigated after heat treatment at 1473 K. The experimental results were also compared with previous work in which the oxides contained higher Fe O. It was found that although the Fe O content in the oxides decreased from 3wt% to 1wt% which was lower than the content corresponding to the equilibrium with molten steel at 1873 K, excess oxygen still diffused from the oxides to solid steel during heat treatment at 1473 K and formed oxide particles. In addition, increasing the sulfur content in the oxides was observed to suppress the diffusion of oxygen between the alloy and the oxides.     

Studies on induction hardening of powder-metallurgy-processed Fe-Cr/Mo alloys

Induction hardening of dense Fe-Cr/Mo alloys processed via the powder-metallurgy route was studied. The Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo, Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo, and Fe-0.85Mo pre-alloyed powders were mixed with 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 0.8wt% C and compacted at 500, 600, and 700 MPa, respectively. The compacts were sintered at 1473 K for 1 h and then cooled at 6 K/min. Ferrite with pearlite was mostly observed in the sintered alloys with 0.4wt% C, whereas a carbide network was also present in the alloys with 0.8wt% C. Graphite at prior particle boundaries led to deterioration of the mechanical properties of alloys with 0.8wt% C, whereas no significant induction hardening was achieved in alloys with 0.4wt% C. Among the investigated samples, alloys with 0.6wt% C exhibited the highest strength and ductility and were found to be suitable for induction hardening. The hardening was carried out at a frequency of 2.0 kHz for 2-3 s. A case depth of 2.5 mm was achieved while maintaining the bulk (interior) hardness of approximately HV 230. A martensitic structure was observed on the outer periphery of the samples. The hardness varied from HV 600 to HV 375 from the sample surface to the interior of the case hardened region. The best combination of properties and hardening depth was achieved in case of the Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo alloy with 0.6wt% C.     

IF钢全氧的控制与预测

分析了IF钢冶炼过程中渣对钢液中[Al]、[Ti]的氧化机理,在此基础上提出了IF钢加铝脱氧后全氧的预测模型.结果表明,熔渣中(FeO)、(MnO)对钢液的二次氧化存在两种方式.当氧化物在渣中的传质是反应限制性环节时,反应发生在渣/钢界面,生成的脱氧产物分布在渣/钢界面,此时渣的氧化性随时间呈指数下降;当脱氧元素在钢中传质是反应限制性环节时,反应发生在钢液内部.对某厂RH精炼渣的数据作回归得到RH加铝后渣的氧化性随时间指数变化的关系式.     

钢渣-水泥复合胶凝材料的水化放热和动力学研究

通过测定钢渣掺量（质量分数）分别为0、20%、30%、40%的水泥基复合胶凝材料的水化放热速率,根据Krstulovi?-Dabi?动力学模型得到几何晶体生长指数n、反应速率常数K、各阶段转换时的水化度α,进而研究钢渣掺量对钢渣水泥复合胶凝材料水化放热与动力学的影响。结果表明：随着钢渣掺量的增加,各阶段水化放热速率变化趋势不同,钢渣掺量30%和40%时,出现第3放热峰,水化放热量随着钢渣掺量的增加而降低;钢渣掺量0、20%、30%时,水化历程由结晶成核与晶体生长(NG)到相边界反应(I)再到扩散过程(D);钢渣掺量40%时,模拟曲线偏离实际水化速率曲线,水化过程不符合Krstulovi?-Dabi?动力学模型;钢渣掺量0~30%范围内KNG、KI、KD均随着钢渣掺量的增加而降低;相对于钢渣掺量20%试样而言,纯水泥与钢渣掺量30%试样的I过程水化度范围较大;钢渣掺量0~30%的试样,水化12h已经成型,然而相同条件下,钢渣掺量40%的试样仍然不能硬化成型。为避免水化速率过低,钢渣最大掺量应为30%。     

High Temperature Corrosion of Fe-25Cr and Fe-17Cr-1.5Si-0.5Al Alloys in Oxidizing and Sulfidizing Enviornments

The simultaneous oxidation and sulfidation of Fe 25Cr and Fe-17Cr-l.5Si-0.5Al alloys was studied at 1023K and 1223K in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures. The kinetic boundary which indicates the transition from oxide to sulfide has heen found in these two alloys. The critical oxygen partial pressures of Fel7Crl.5SiO.5Al alloys were systematically lower than those of Fe-25Cr alloy. The reaction kinetics were measured by the stainless steel spring balance, and the reaction products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The reaction rate usually decreased with the increase of the oxygen partial pressure at the constant sulfur partial pressure. The exista-nce of silicon plays an important role to suppress the sulfidation of Fel7Cr alloy.     

固态二元合金超额热力学函数的计算方法

基于Miedema二元合金生成热模型,结合自由体积理论,充分考虑超额熵,针对实际固态二元合金熔体,提出全浓度范围内的超额热力学函数的计算方法,分别推导出对有序、无序固态二元合金的全摩尔超额函数、偏摩尔超额函数、组元活度计算式·分别计算了固态无序合金AgAu、有序合金CoPt在800K、1273K温度下的各种超额热力学函数值,计算结果与实验值吻合良好·     

采用铝热自蔓延法制备低氧高钛铁合金

以金红石、钛精矿和Al为原料采用铝热自蔓延法制备出低氧高钛铁合金。研究不同反应体系的相关热力学,考察配铝量对铝热自蔓延熔炼效果的影响,采用XRD,SEM以及化学分析等技术对高钛铁合金进行表征。研究结果表明:反应体系的绝热温度大于1 800 K,反应能自我维持进行;铝还原TiO2反应的单位质量热效应较低,铝还原铁氧化物反应的单位质量热效应较高;合金主要由TiFe2,Fe,TiO2和Al2O3等相组成,氧化物夹杂相的存在是合金中氧含量高以及合金微观缺陷存在的直接原因;合金中氧含量最低为2.62%;钛、铝、铁和硅质量分数分别为61.58～66.27%,4.05%～9.20%,16.15%～20.53%及2.78%～3.82%。     

LF炉冶炼超低硫钢的工艺条件

提出了采用热力学计算分析确定LF炉冶炼超低硫钢工艺条件的方法·分析表明,可通过提高炉渣碱度、强化渣钢脱氧、控制渣钢原始硫质量分数和渣质量,来实现超低硫钢的冶炼·150tLF炉生产实践表明,在原始钢水硫平均为00146%条件下,通过控制规定的工艺条件,经LF处理后的钢水硫质量分数平均可达00044%·再经VD处理后,可实现成品硫质量分数为00027%的超低硫钢生产·在上述条件基础上,将原始硫质量分数控制在00058%以下或保证渣金硫的分配比在250以上或采用双渣操作,LF炉可精炼0002%以下极低硫钢     

钙处理过程夹杂物演变及热力学分析

通过检测分析钙处理前后钢中夹杂物的形貌和成分的变化,探讨钢液钙处理过程中夹杂物演变规律.利用热力学计算,优化钙处理工艺.结果表明,钙处理可以将钢液中不规则固态夹杂物改性为球形液态夹杂物;1873 K下,当[ Al ]为0.030%时,[O]控制在5×10-6~17×10-6,[Ca]控制在0.7×10-6~30×10-6,钢中夹杂物变性效果良好;当[Al]为0.030%时,[ S]控制在6×10-6~19×10-6,既能使钢中Al2 O3夹杂生成液态铝酸钙夹杂物,同时又可以减少CaS生成.     

钡钛酸盐玻璃的形成、性质和结构

本文目的在于研制高二氧化钛含量玻璃。当二氧化钛与氧化钡含量达80%时(其中TiO_2含量为30—60%),可以形成稳定的玻璃。这种玻璃具有高折射率(~nD>2.1)与良好的化学稳定性。文中还对高钛玻璃的着色进行了研究,认为主要由于熔制过程中失氧所引起。因此,可以通过熔制条件的控制、热处理等途径大大减轻玻璃的着色,从而能提高玻璃的反射率。通过红外光谱与X-射线谱对玻璃中的Ti~(4 )离子的配位状态作了分析,证明Ti~(4 )离子处于[TiO_(?)]状态。电镜观察确定,高钛酸盐玻璃在T_g以上一定温度热处理时,首先产生分相,然后体积晶化。对所析出的晶相也进行了研究,证实一般由钛酸钡为主的钛酸盐所组成。根据研究结果,提出了钡钛酸盐玻璃的结构示意图。     

RH处理超低碳铝镇静钢的总氧预测模型及应用

根据300t钢包RH真空处理超低碳铝镇静钢的实验数据,建立了RH处理过程钢中总氧含量的预测模型,得到了钢中氧含量的预测公式.模型综合考虑了处理时间、真空室吹氩流量、钢水环流量、浸渍管直径和钢包渣中(FeO+MnO)含量等因素对总氧含量的影响,并对改进RH处理工艺进行了讨论.模型分析表明,促进夹杂物上浮的手段有增大吹氩流量、增加浸渍管直径,但都有一个合适的范围.     

Coordinated control of carbon and oxygen for ultra-low-carbon interstitial-free steel in a smelting process

Low residual-free-oxygen before final de-oxidation was beneficial to improving the cleanness of ultra-low-carbon steel. For ul-tra-low-carbon steel production, the coordinated control of carbon and oxygen is a precondition for achieving low residual oxygen during the Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) decarburization process. In this work, we studied the coordinated control of carbon and oxygen for ultra-low-carbon steel during the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) endpoint and RH process using data statistics, multiple linear regressions, and thermodynamics computations. The results showed that the aluminum yield decreased linearly with increasing residual oxygen in liquid steel. When the mass ratio of free oxygen and carbon ([O]/[C]) in liquid steel before RH decarburization was maintained between 1.5 and 2.0 and the carbon range was from 0.030wt%to 0.040wt%, the residual oxygen after RH natural decarburization was low and easily controlled. To satisfy the re-quirement for RH decarburization, the carbon and free oxygen at the BOF endpoint should be controlled to be between 297 × 10?6 and 400 × 10?6 and between 574 × 10?6 and 775 × 10?6, respectively, with a temperature of 1695 to 1715°C and a furnace campaign of 1000 to 5000 heats.     

BOF--LF--CC生产SWRH82 B硬线钢的洁净度研究

采用系统取样与实验室综合分析,对BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的SWRH82B钢洁净度衍变规律进行研究。结果表明,钙处理后钢中T[ O]和显微夹杂物数量显著下降,轻微增氮;浇铸过程增氧增氮严重;铸坯中<5μm显微夹杂占97%,主要是棱角分明的纯Al2 O3夹杂,球状复合氧化物与CaS和MnS的复合夹杂,简单氧化物或氮化物与MnS的复合夹杂;LF精炼后钙处理,脱氧显著,但使得铸坯中出现很多Al2 O3硬性夹杂,对SWRH82B盘条质量造成严重的危害;中间包结构不合理,卷渣、内衬侵蚀和二次氧化严重,连铸过程钢液洁净度下降。     

Dripping and evolution behavior of primary slag bearing TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> through the coke packed bed in a blast-furnace hearth

To investigate the flow of primary slag bearing TiO₂ in the cohesive zone of blast furnaces,experiments were carried out based on the laboratory-scale packed bed systems.It is concluded that the initial temperature of slag dripping increases with decreasing FeO content and increasing TiO₂ content.The slag holdup decreases when the FeO content is in the range of 5wt%-10wt%,whereas it increases when the FeO content exceeds 10wt%.Meanwhile,the slag holdup decreases when the TiO₂ content increases from 5wt% to 10wt% but increases when the TiO₂ content exceeds 10wt%.Moreover,slag/coke interface analysis shows that the reaction between FeO and TiO₂ occurs between the slag and the coke.The slag/coke interface is divided into three layers:slag layer,iron-rich layer,and coke layer.TiO₂ in the slag is reduced by carbon,and the generated Ti diffuses into iron.     

AlMnCa合金脱氧和非金属夹杂物控制技术

在1873K下,MoSi2电阻炉内用70mm×100mmMgO坩埚和AlMnCa合金开展了3炉低碳低硅钢脱氧实验.结果表明,用1#AlMnCa脱氧后,钢中溶解氧和全氧含量均较低,终点全氧质量分数为37×10-6.用AlMnCa脱氧后钢中夹杂物大部分为球形的含有CaO的复合夹杂物.用AlMnFe脱氧后,钢中主要是Al2O3或Al2O3-MnO等构成的复合夹杂物,其形状仅有少量为球形.实验终点钢中89.1%的夹杂物尺寸小于10μm,无大于50μm的夹杂物.用1#AlMnCa在25t转炉上进行了6炉TGD07钢脱氧工业试验,脱氧后钢中氧质量分数平均为23.8×10-6,最低达到8×10-6.与未用...     

Direct electrochemical reduction of solid vanadium oxide to metal vanadium at low temperature in molten CaCl2-NaCl

V₂O₅ sintered pellets and graphite rods were employed as the cathode and the anode, respectively; a molten CaCl₂-NaCl salt was used as the electrolyte. Then, V₂O₅ was directly reduced to metal vanadium by the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) method at 873 K to realize low-temperature electrolysis. Two typical experimental conditions, electrolysis time and voltage, were taken into account to investigate the current efficiency and remaining oxygen content in electrolyzed products. The composition and microstructure of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observations show that a higher voltage (1.8?C3.4 V) and a longer electrolysis time (2?C5 h) can improve the product quality separately, that is, a lower remaining oxygen content and a more uniform microstructure. The products with an oxygen content of 0.205wt% are successfully obtained below 3.4 V for 10 h. However, the current efficiency is low, and further work is required.     

Partitioning of oxygen during core formation on the Earth and Mars

Core formation on the Earth and Mars involved the physical separation of metal and silicate, most probably in deep magma oceans. Although core-formation models explain many aspects of mantle geochemistry, they have not accounted for the large differences observed between the compositions of the mantles of the Earth (approximately 8 wt% FeO) and Mars (approximately 18 wt% FeO) or the smaller mass fraction of the martian core. Here we explain these differences as a consequence of the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron-alloy increasing with increasing temperature. We assume that the Earth and Mars both accreted from oxidized chondritic material. In a terrestrial magma ocean, 1,200-2,000 km deep, high temperatures resulted in the extraction of FeO from the silicate magma ocean owing to high solubility of oxygen in the metal. Lower temperatures of a martian magma ocean resulted in little or no extraction of FeO from the mantle, which thus remains FeO-rich. The FeO extracted from the Earth's magma ocean may have contributed to chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, a FeO-rich D" layer and the light element budget of the core.     

A method to study interface diffusion of arsenic into a Nb-Ti microalloyed low carbon steel

A novel diffusion couple method was used to investigate the interface diffusion of arsenic into a Nb-Ti microalloyed low carbon steel and its effects on phase transformation at the interface. It is discovered that the content of arsenic has great effect on grain growth and phase transformation at high temperature. When the arsenic content is no more than 1wt%, there is no obvious grain growth and no obvious ferrite transitional region formed at the diffusion interface. However, when the arsenic content is no less than 5wt%, the grain grows very rapidly. In addition, the arsenic-enriched ferrite transitional layer forms at the diffusion interface in the hot-rolling process, which results from a slower diffusion rate of arsenic atoms than that of carbon in ferrite.     

Variation and optimization of acid-dissolved aluminum content in stainless steel

As a key step in secondary refining, the deoxidation process in clean stainless steel production is widely researched by many scholars. In this study, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) deoxidation refining in a 40-t electric arc furnace + VOD + ingot casting process was analyzed and optimized on the basis of Al deoxidation of stainless steel and thermodynamic equilibrium reactions between the slag and steel. Under good stirring conditions in VOD, the deoxidation reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly, and the oxygen activity in the bulk steel is controlled by the slag composition and Al content. A basicity of 3–5 and an Al content greater than 0.015wt% in the melt resulted in an oxygen content less than 0.0006wt%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen content decreased slightly when the Al content in the steel was greater than 0.02wt%. Because of the equilibrium of the Si–O reaction between the slag and steel, the activity of SiO₂ will increase while the Si content increases; thus, the Si content should be lowered to enable the formation of a high-basicity slag. A high-basicity, low-Al₂O₃ slag and an increased Si content will reduce the Al consumption caused by SiO₂ reduction.     

Experimental measurement of the electrical conductivity of single crystal olivine at high temperature and high pressure under different oxygen fugacities

At 1.0?4.0 GPa and 1123?1473 K and under oxygen fugacity-controlled conditions (Ni+NiO, Fe+Fe₃O₄, Fe+FeO and Mo+MoO₂ buffers), a YJ-3000t Model six-anvil solid high-pressure apparatus and a Sarltron-1260 Impedance/Gain-Phase analyzer were employed to conduct an in situ measurement of the electrical conductivity of single crystal olivine. Experimental results showed that: (1) within the range of experimentally selected frequencies (10³?10⁶ Hz), the electrical conductivity of the sample is of great dependence on the frequency; (2) with the rise of temperature (T), the electrical conductivity (σ) will increase, and the Arrenhius linear relationship is established between lgσ and 1/T; (3) under the control of oxygen buffer Fe+Fe₃O₄, with the rise of pressure, the electrical conductivity tends to decrease whereas the activation enthalpy and independent-of-temperature preexponential factor tend to increase, with the activation energy and activation volume of the sample estimated at (1.25±0.08) eV and (0.105±0.025) cm³/mol, respectively; (4) under given pressure and temperature conditions, the electrical conductivity tends to increase whereas the activation energy tends to decrease with increasing oxygen fugacity; and (5) the mechanism of electrical conduction of small polarons can provide insight into the behavior of electrical conduction of olivine under high pressure and high temperature.