Analysis of the formation conditions and characteristics of interphase and random vanadium precipitation in a low-carbon steel during isothermal heat treatment

The characteristics of nanosized precipitates in steels depend on the heat-treatment parameters. The effects of characteristics of vanadium precipitates formed during isothermal heat treatment on the hardness of the ferrite matrix in low-carbon vanadium-alloyed steel were investigated through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images and microhardness measurements. The results show that, during isothermal holding in the temperature range from 675 to 750℃, only interphase precipitation occurs, whereas only random precipitation occurs in the ferrite matrix during holding at 600℃. Furthermore, during isothermal heat treatment between 600 and 675℃, both random and interphase precipitates occurred in the ferrite. Nanoscale vanadium carbides with different atomic ratios of vanadium (V) and carbon (C) were the dominant precipitates in the random and interphase precipitates. The sizes of random precipitation carbides were smaller than those of interphase ones. Also, the sample isothermally heat treated at 650℃ for 900 s exhibited a higher hardness with a narrower hardness distribution.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.     

钒含量对高碳高钒高速钢组织与性能的影响

对高碳高钒高速钢的显微组织、硬度及热处理工艺进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,其显微组织中存在有MC、M6C和M2 C型三种类型的合金碳化物 ,其中MC型碳化物起主要作用。随着含钒量的增加 ,钢中MC型碳化物数量增加 ,其形态由不连续网状向颗粒状转变。     

电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响

研究电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢凝固组织和碳化物偏析的影响.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析凝固组织及碳化物的特征.研究发现,钢锭的凝固组织均为马氏体组织、残余奥氏体及一次碳化物.H13钢电渣锭中主要析出的一次碳化物为V8C7、MC、M23 C6及M6C.随着冷却强度增加,电渣锭边部碳化物的尺寸减小且分布更加均匀,但是碳化物的类型不发生变化.电渣重熔过程中冷却强度增加促进钢中镁对夹杂物的变性能力,经过镁变性后生成的MgO· Al2O3为TiN的析出提供形核质点,MgO· Al2 O3和TiN的复合夹杂物能够促进一次碳化物异质形核,从而细化一次碳化物.     

长期高温时效12Cr1MoV钢中碳化物组织结构

12Cr1MdV低合金耐热钢在540℃运行20万h后，材料中碳化物的组织结构发生显著变化．研究结果表明：材料中大量的碳化物沿晶界析出并聚集粗化，析出的碳化物主要为M23C6，同时存在少量的M6C，碳化物的沿晶界析出及其粗化是材料结构和性能发生恶化的主要原因；弥散的细小的富Ⅴ碳化物MC（V4C3）在铁素体晶体内沉淀析出，有助于12cr1MoV低合金耐热钢的性能和组织结构的稳定；珠光体组织中Fe3C发生球化和分解，但无明显聚集长大，并由原先的M3C型分解转变为MC型．     

含Nb-Ti低碳微合金钢纳米碳化物析出行为

采用热膨胀仪、显微硬度计和透射电镜研究了等温温度对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织性能及析出行为的影响规律.结果表明,在不同温度下等温淬火均得到铁素体与马氏体的双相组织,且随着等温温度的降低,铁素体的体积分数逐渐增大.实验钢中存在两种主要的析出形态,分别为相间析出和弥散析出,且随着等温温度的降低,析出形态逐渐从相间析出向弥散析出转变.通过HRTEM确定相间析出碳化物具有Na Cl型晶体结构,晶格常数为0.432 nm,且与铁素体基体满足Baker-Nutting(B-N)关系.铁素体相的维氏硬度随着等温温度的降低而逐渐增大.     

Solidification microstructure formation in HK40 and HH40 alloys

The microstructure formation processes in HK40 and HH40 alloys were investigated through JmatPro calculations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition routes of HK40 and HH40 alloys were determined as L → L + γ → L + γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ + M₂₃C₆→ γ + M₂₃C₆ and L → L + δ → L + δ + γ→ L + δ + γ + M₂₃C₆ δ + γ + M₂₃C₆, respectively. The solidification mode was determined to be the austenitic mode (A mode) in HK40 alloy and the ferritic–austenitic solidification mode (FA mode) in HH40 alloy. In HK40 alloy, eutectic carbides directly precipitate in a liquid and coarsen during cooling. The primary γ dendrites grow at the 60° angle to each other. On the other hand, in HH40 alloy, residual δ forms because of the incomplete transformation from δ to γ. Cr₂₃C₆ carbide is produced in solid delta ferrite δ but not directly in liquid HH40 alloy. Because of carbide formation in the solid phase and no rapid growth of the dendrite in a non-preferential direction, HH40 alloy is more resistant to cast defect formation than HK40 alloy.     

钒对高铁制动盘钢中碳化物析出及力学性能的影响

随着列车时速不断提高,制动盘承受的热负荷不断增大,这对制动盘材料提出了更高的要求.为了提高制动盘钢的机械性能及耐热疲劳性,钒元素被添加到制动盘钢中.本文研究了不同淬火温度时V含量对Cr-Mo-V系制动盘钢组织及力学性能的影响,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件、碳复型、透射电镜、能谱分析等方法对不同V含量时析出相的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,增加钒含量使高温析出的V(C,N)含量增加,细化奥氏体晶粒和回火马氏体组织.淬-回火态析出相主要为V(C,N)、(Mo,V)C、M7 C3和M23 C6.随钒含量增加,大尺寸M23 C6和M7 C3的析出被抑制,对韧性损害降低;小尺寸(Mo,V)C含量增多,析出强化效果增强.淬火温度为880～900℃时,增加钒含量能细化马氏体和减少大尺寸碳化物,弥补了析出强化对韧性的损害,故冲击功变化不大.淬火温度为920～940℃时,提高钒含量促使(Mo,V)C量急剧增加,冲击功快速下降.实验钢淬火温度不应超过900℃.     

冷却工艺对低碳Ti微合金化热轧超高强钢组织性能的影响

对实验钢采用低碳高Ti微合金化的成分设计,进行了控轧控冷实验,通过控制不同的冷速和卷取温度,研究了过冷度和原子扩散速率对钢组织演变及(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为的影响.研究结果表明,冷速为30℃/s,卷取温度为420℃时,实验钢屈服强度大于690MPa,抗拉强度为820MPa,断后伸长率达18%,并具有良好的低温冲击韧性.显微组织性能研究表明,多边形铁素体、针状铁素体、细小M/A岛及弥散的(Ti,Mo)C析出粒子的混合组织可实现强度和韧性的良好匹配.     

航空轴承钢渗碳热处理组织演变行为研究

利用EPMA与XRD等实验方法对航空轴承钢在渗碳热处理过程中的微观组织演变行为进行定性及定量分析.结果表明:在渗碳淬火处理后,试样表层及次表层组织中有大量的碳化物及少量的残留奥氏体,其中碳化物为M₂₃C₆和M₆C.随着渗层深度的增加,碳化物含量减少,残留奥氏体含量增加.经过二次淬火处理后,奥氏体与马氏体中碳质量分数增加,使得淬火后残留奥氏体质量分数大幅度增加,在渗层0.1mm处达到22.7%.经过两次深冷与回火处理后,马氏体与奥氏体中碳质量分数降低,碳化物含量增加,渗层硬度提升.     

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢的增强机理研究进展

This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M₂₃C₆, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M₂₃C₆ carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M₂₃C₆ precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr–1W–0.06Ta steel by ~20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.     

Kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel

To systematically investigate the kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite (IGF), isothermal heat treatment in the temperature range of 450℃ to 600℃ with holding for 30 s to 300 s, analysis of the corresponding microstructures, and observation of the precipitated particles were conducted in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel. The potency of V(C,N) for IGF nucleation was also analyzed statistically. The results show that the dominant microstructure transforms from bainite (B) and acicular ferrite (AF) to grain boundary ferrite (GBF), intragranular polygonal ferrite (IPF), and pearlite (P) as the isothermal temperature increases from 450℃ to 600℃. When the holding time at 600℃ is extended from 30 s to 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s, the GBF content ranges from 6.0vol% to 6.5vol% and the IPF content increases from 0.5vol% to 2.8vol%, 13.1vol%, and 13.5vol%, respectively, because the ferrite transformation preferentially occurs at the grain boundaries and then occurs at the austenite grains. Notably, V(C,N) particles are the most effective nucleation site for the formation of IPF, accounting for 51% of the said formation.     

Microstructure and stress rupture properties of polycrystal and directionally solidified castings of nickel-based superalloys

A new directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy DZ24, which is a modification of K24 alloy without rare and expensive elemental additions, such as Ta and Hf, was studied in this paper. The microstructure and stress rupture properties of conventionally cast and directionally solidified superalloys were comparatively analyzed. It is indicated that the microstructure of K24 alloy is composed of γ, γ′, γ/γ′ eutectics and MC carbides. Compared with the microstructure of K24 polycrystalline alloy, γ/γ′ eutectic completely dissolves into the γ matrix, the fine and regular γ′ phase reprecipitates, and MC carbides decompose to M₆C/M₂₃C₆ carbides after heat treatment in DZ24 alloy. The rupture life of DZ24 alloy is two times longer than that of K24 alloy. The more homogeneous the size of γ′ precipitate, the longer the rupture life. The coarsening and rafting behaviors of γ′ precipitates are observed in DZ24 alloy after the stress-rupture test.     

V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M23C6和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M23C6主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.     

9SiCr工具钢表面激光熔覆合金的组织与性能

使用CO2激光器对9SiCr工具钢表面进行Co基和Ni基合金熔覆处理,X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜分析了激光合金熔覆层的相组成和显微组织;显微硬度计对合金熔覆区的显微硬度进行测量·结果表明,合金熔覆层在微观结构上存在熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响3个区域·Co基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物,Ni基合金熔覆区相组成为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物+金属间化合物·Ni基合金熔覆层的显微硬度约为Co基的2倍     

T122铁素体耐热钢析出相热力学模拟计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对T122铁素体耐热钢钒含量变化对平衡析出相及A3、A4点的影响进行了研究.结果表明,T122钢的主要平衡析出相为M23C6、MX和Laves相.当钒质量分数在0.15%以下时,将析出极少量的Z相,且其随着钒含量的增加析出量呈直线下降;当钒质量分数在0.28%以上时,将析出两种不同的MX相,随着钒含量的增加MN相的比例下降,而M(C,N)相的比例增加.钒含量的变化对M23C6和Laves相的影响甚小.钒作为封闭奥氏体元素,增加钒含量,铁素体与奥氏体的转变区域将变小.     

喷射成形含铌 M3型高速钢的组织和耐磨性

采用喷射成形技术制备了 M3型高速钢和以 Nb 替代 V 的 M3型高速钢。利用扫描电镜、X 射线衍射、差示扫描量热仪和金相显微镜研究了 Nb 对 M3型高速钢组织的影响。喷射成形能有效消除宏观偏析,细化组织。以 Nb 代 V,提高了 MC 型碳化物开始析出温度,大量 MC 相先于共晶反应析出,呈独立的近球形分布于晶界,同时其尺寸减小。由于消耗大量 C,抑制了共晶反应,M2 C 片层数量减少且厚度变薄,其在热变形过程中更易于分解,进一步增加了组织均匀性。低温低载荷时含铌的 M3型高速钢抗磨损性能显著优于 M3高速钢,温度升高到500℃时磨损机制逐渐以氧化磨损为主,两合金的抗磨损性能差距减小,主要原因是大量呈弥散球形分布的含铌 MC 型碳化物能有效提高高速钢的磨粒磨损抗性,而其对抗氧化性能并无明显作用。     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

初始组织形态对中碳钢温变形组织演变的影响

中碳钢温变形过程的组织演变包含铁素体动态回复、再结晶和渗碳体的析出球化等过程.采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了初始组织形态对含碳0.48%(质量分数)的中碳钢在温变形中上述复杂过程的影响.结果表明:初始组织为珠光体 先共析铁素体的试样在温加工变形中渗碳体层片发生了扭折、溶断到逐渐球化的过程,在铁素体回复再结晶的同时伴随着细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒从过饱和铁素体中析出,得到微米级铁素体晶粒和颗粒状渗碳体弥散分布的复相组织,但等轴状铁素体晶粒与弥散的渗碳体颗粒沿变形方向呈带状不均匀分布.温加工变形促进初始组织为马氏体的中碳钢中渗碳体析出和铁素体回复与再结晶.由于初始条件下碳的分布在微观尺度下相对均匀,变形后获得细小等轴铁素体与均匀分布颗粒状渗碳体的组织.     

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel (0.2C-2.0Si-1.8Mn) were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a traditional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferrite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRIP-aided steel with martensite as the original microstructure, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, resulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening behavior is also discussed for both types of steel.