试析墨子比喻的类型及作用

墨子在谈辩中对比喻曾有灵活多变的运用。就整体而论，这些比喻可划分为同喻和异喻。其中，前者又可进一步划分为单喻、复喻和博喻，后者又可进一步划分为本体全异于喻体、本体弱于喻体和本体强于喻体。墨子谈辩中比喻的作用是多方面的，主要涉及阐释己见、驳斥论敌、催人省悟以及止事成义。     

成语中的辞格

一、比喻 1、明喻 例如: ①巧如弹簧②杀人如麻③危如累卵 以上三例中的本体,喻体和喻词均同时出现在成语中,故为明喻。 2、借喻 例如 ④鸡毛蒜皮⑤唇亡齿寒⑥三天打鱼 两天晒网以上三例中的本体,喻词都未出现,只是喻体作为成语用来比喻某种事物或现象,如“鸡毛蒜皮”用明喻的形式表现出来,应当是:无关紧要的小事象鸡毛蒜皮。 3、博喻 例如: ⑦玉洁冰清 ⑧如狼似虎 以上两例均用了两个喻体来比喻人的心灵、品行和状态。     

也说“凡喻必以非类”

<正>刘大为教授(2004)在最近的一篇文章中对钱钟书先生的“凡喻必以非类”、“同类作比即比较”的观点提出了质疑,对此笔者深有同感。判断一个句子是不是比喻,必须先弄清楚什么是比喻这个根本问题。修辞学界对比喻比较公认的定义是:比喻就是打比方,就是用本质不同但具有相似点的另一事物说明、描绘该事物的修辞格。比喻必须符合两个条件:一是本体和喻体必须是本质不同的两类事物,二是本体和喻体之间必须具有相似点。两者缺一不可。笔者认为,修辞教学中产生的比喻划界上的不同意见,大多源于对比喻的这两个构成条件的不同理解。本文拟以“A像B一样”(A代表本体,B代表喻体)格式为例讨论比喻的两个构成条件以及辨识比喻的标准。     

汉语暗喻与英语Metaphor

汉语暗喻与英语metaphor都是一种比较含蓄的比喻,两者的结构基本一致。在用比喻词的暗喻结构中,汉语往往是本体在喻体的前面,而英语则更为灵活,本体既可在喻体的前面也可以在喻体的后面。在省略比喻词的暗喻结构中,英汉两种语言中都有被比喻物和比喻物直接组合在一起构成同位复指的结构。但汉英在省略比喻词的具体结构上各有不同的表达方式。     

从“A像B一样C”式比喻的语义搭配看比喻的构成

在“A像B一样C”式比喻性短语作状语的句子中，C与A、B之间的语义搭配呈现出纷繁复杂的情况。C与A、B之间既可以都构成正常搭配，也可以只与其中一个构成正常搭配，而与另外一个形成超常规搭配。与此相对应，比喻句中本体、喻体的构成也并不完全一致。本文运用认知语言学及转换生成语言理论，结合比喻句中的语义搭配来分析比喻中本体的位置及比喻的不同作用。在划分比喻本体和喻体时，要注意其形象的完整性，要和全句的语义搭配关系、语法结构关系结合起来进行分析。划分的方法和标准也应具体句子具体分析，不可一概而论。     

比喻修辞的喻体选用

比喻贵新,而比喻是否新颖,在很大程度上取决于作家对喻体的选用。可以说,喻体是比喻的核心和关键。使用比喻的艺术,实际上是结合本体寻找喻体的艺术。     

较喻句的句法特征和概念合成

梳理较喻句的句法构成特征,尝试运用隐喻思维和概念合成理论对较喻句的形成进行解释。研究发现,从＂喻＂到＂较＂,是原发思维到继发思维的进展。本体和喻体作为两个输入空间,其核心元素形成对应映射并且被投射至合成空间,在新涌现的层创结构中形成对比关系,同时本体和喻体的整体意象也被投射在合成空间中形成叠映。     

修辞格比较谈

对一些形式、特性相近的修辞格作了比较.借喻和借代(1)借喻侧重于"喻体"同"本体"间的相似性,借代则侧重于"借体"同"本体"间的相关性;(2)借喻中的"喻体"同"本体"是两类事物或情境,借代中"借体"与"本体"是一样东西相关的两个方面;(3)借喻是喻中有代,借代则代而不喻;等等.对比和对偶对比的基本特征是"对立",强调的是"比较";对偶的基本特征是"对称",强调的是工整对仗.     

汉英语言中动物名词及其文化内涵

阐述了汉英语言中含有比喻意义、象征意义的动物名词、习语、短语的用法.特别详细的论述了两种语言中常见的以动物为喻体来说明人物的特征,从而增加了语言的形象性,突出人物的特征,强调喻体与本体的相似点.     

比喻与夸张的关系

人们对比喻和夸张的理解一般都囿于传统的认识，认为二者毫不相干。比喻跟夸张之间事实上存在着联系：喻体是相对于本体更为典型的事物，实质上起着放大本体相似点的作用，这就形成了事实上的夸张；间接夸张要通过比喻、比拟等修辞方式来实现，部分夸张中兼含有比喻。但作为修辞学上的两种辞格，比喻跟夸张又存在着一些不同。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with