底水稠油油藏单井条件下隔夹层参数研究

开发底水稠油油藏的主要问题在于底水的脊进,利用水平井开采可以有效地缓解这一开发矛盾。同时,隔夹层的存在能够大大减缓底水上升,提高采出程度,改善开发效果。讨论了单井条件下,隔夹层参数变化对开发效果的影响。影响开发效果的隔夹层因素较多,根据调研,并考虑到典型性和可行性,选取无因次隔夹层面积、无因次隔夹层垂向位置、隔夹层渗透率这3个参数进行隔夹层对开发效果影响的研究。基于渤海A油藏实际参数建立了含隔夹层的底水稠油油藏数值模型,通过油藏工程方法对采出程度曲线、含水上升曲线、流线模型场图和饱和度场图进行了分析,研究了单因素对开发效果的影响：无因次隔夹层面积越大,开发效果越好;隔夹层越靠近油水界面,开发效果越好;夹层渗透率较小时,开发效果优于隔层。在单因素影响分析的基础上,进行了正交实验,分析了多因素之间的影响,确定了3个参数的影响程度排序：由大到小依次为无因次隔夹层面积、无因次隔夹层垂向位置和隔夹层渗透率。     

气顶底水浊流相油藏剩余油分布研究

浊流相油藏中存在气顶和底水时,因其特殊的沉积特点,内部油气水运动变化复杂,开发中后期剩余油分布研究难度较大。以欢17块大凌河油藏为例,应用油藏数值模拟方法,定量研究了气顶底水浊流相油藏开发中后期剩余油分布规律。通过研究,明确了此类油藏地质模型建立过程中的关键点在于隔夹层分布的正确描述。给出典型范例详解了隔夹层分布的修正过程;指出了此类油藏拟合过程中的重要拟合指标综合含水率和产气量的拟合关键点,并分析得出油侵气顶区及构造顶部区是该类油藏剩余油的主要富集区域。最后,基于剩余油数值模拟结果,提出了压水锥和侧钻水平井相结合的开发调整方式,为高效开发此类油藏提供了技术支持和决策依据。     

太平边底水稠油油藏高效调整技术

针对太平油田边底水稠油油藏直井开发含水上升快、储量动用程度低、采收率低的问题,为了改善开发效果,提高储量动用程度和采收率,开展了边底水稠油油藏水平井整体调整技术研究,初步形成了边底水稠油油藏剩余油分布规律研究、隔夹层研究、水平井技术等水平井整体调整配套技术,在太平油田应用后取得好效果,对太平油田边底水稠油油藏及同类油藏的开发具有较好的指导和借鉴意义。     

底水油藏水平井水淹动态的数值模拟研究

针对多数底水油藏水平井水淹动态规律研究未考虑井筒压降的情况,在探讨考虑井筒压降必要性的基础上,利用数值模拟方法,研究考虑井筒压降时不同因素影响的水淹动态规律。结果表明:见水时间和无水期采油量随水平井产量的变化呈幂指数关系,随水平段长度的增加呈线性增加,随油层厚度的增加呈现"上翘"的非线性关系;隔夹层渗透率对水淹规律的影响只表现为完全不渗透隔夹层和无隔夹层,不存在半渗透隔夹层;当隔夹层的长度大于水平井筒长度时,隔夹层面积越大抑制底水脊进的效果越好。     

文昌A油田珠二段I油组隔夹层分布研究

文昌A油田珠二段I油组是该油田的主力油组,其生产现状表明隔夹层的类型、对地层水的封隔能力以及空间展布严重影响油藏的开发效果。岩芯观察、薄片鉴定及物性分析后认为,研究区珠二段I油组广泛存在着钙质、泥质和物性3类隔夹层,其中钙质隔夹层对开发的影响最大。由于井少,井网密度稀,取芯有限,仅从岩芯和测井上识别隔夹层不足以研究全区隔夹层的空间分布规律。在小层精细划分对比,沉积微相,测井精细解释研究的基础上,充分利用水平井水平段的信息,结合地球物理信息,通过井震结合,创新性地应用相控约束下的地震协同序贯高斯随机模拟方法建立隔夹层的模型预测隔夹层三维空间展布规律。预测结果与生产动态吻合,为油田增产和剩余油挖潜措施提供了有力的依据。     

夹层对底水油藏开发及剩余油分布影响研究

砂岩底水油藏在中国储量丰富,底水油藏开发面临的核心问题是底水锥进,而夹层对抑制底水锥进具有明显效果。由于夹层成因的复杂性,目前夹层研究尚没有统一模式。针对这一问题,提出从夹层分布面积、夹层厚度、夹层渗透率、夹层泥质含量等参数,将夹层归纳为无夹层、渗滤型夹层、小范围不渗透夹层和大范围不渗透夹层4种模式。无夹层模式底水锥进速度快,大范围不渗透夹层模式底水完全被抑制,这两种夹层模式下的油气开发效果较差;渗滤型夹层底水被转化为次生边水和次生底水,小范围不渗透夹层底水转化为次生边水,这两种夹层模式开发效果较好。无夹层模式远离井筒周围分布大量剩余油,可以通过完善井网来提高动用程度;渗滤型夹层开发效果好,剩余油分布很少;小范围不渗透夹层底部形成"屋檐油",顶部形成"屋顶油",这种剩余油可作为后期挖潜的一个方向;大范围不渗透夹层上下邻层均可存在大量的剩余油,是油田开发后期挖潜的重点对象。     

塔中16含砾砂岩段隔夹层对油水分布的影响

针对塔中16东河砂岩油藏含砾砂岩段分布复杂的隔夹层严重制约油田的水驱开发效果,致使油田产量低这一问题,综合运用岩芯、录井以及测井资料,以塔中16含砾砂岩段为解剖对象,划分了该层段内隔夹层成因类型,分析了典型单井的不同类型隔夹层的测井响应特征、预测了隔夹层的空间展布、剖析了隔夹层对剩余油分布的影响。研究表明：含砾砂岩段发育泥质、钙质、低渗透泥质砂岩3类隔夹层;钙质隔夹层主要分布在5小层底部、泥质隔夹层则主要分布在3小层底部、低渗透泥质砂岩夹层则零星分布在各小层砂体内部;隔夹层影响了流体的垂向渗流能力,致使含砾砂岩段形成了2套油水压力系统,在同一个压力系统内,夹层易造成高渗储层水洗严重,低渗部位剩余油富集。通过开展隔夹层成因、类型及分布特征研究,可明确油水分布特征及剩余油的富集部位。     

延安组底水油藏水平井参数优化

 水平井技术在延长油田底水油藏中的应用尚处于矿场试验阶段.目前,在该类油藏实施的几口水平井开发效果差异较大,水平井各项主要技术参数是影响其开发效果的关键.通过定量分析和评价确定水平井主要技术参数的范围及大小,可提高该类油藏水平井的开发效果.在D4927区块油藏地质研究基础上,应用数值模拟方法,对水平井的井网形式、水平段长度、水平段垂向位置、注水时机、配产配注、指标对比等开发参数进行模拟优化,通过考查日产油量、累积产油量、综合含水等主要技术指标,定量分析了优化后的效果,确定了延安组底水油藏水平井参数最优方案.     

分汊与游荡型辫状河隔夹层层次结构特征

前人对辫状河储层的研究往往笼统地将其作为一种储层类型,对不同类型辫状河储层研究较少。在文献调研和露头观察的基础上,以苏丹FN油田为例,按“层次约束”思路,参考Miall等关于河流相的构型界面分级体系,对分汊与游荡型两种辫状河储层内发育的隔夹层层次结构及特征进行了分析。研究发现,分汊型辫状河隔夹层主要包括泛滥平原沉积、泥质充填或半充填河道、落淤层及沟道细粒沉积。而游荡型辫状河隔夹层仅包括泛滥平原沉积和少量泥质半充填河道。不同层次、不同规模的隔夹层在岩石类型、发育程度、厚度及展布特征等方面均存在较大差异,对底水油藏水进方式及剩余油分布的控制各不相同。最后总结了隔夹层在垂向上影响剩余油分布的5种模式及其相对应的剩余油富集区。     

稠油底水油藏剩余油分布研究及水平井开发调整

秦皇岛32-6油田西区NmⅡ1砂体为稠油底水油藏,经过5年多的定向井开发目前已经进入高含水期开发阶段。首先通过生产动态和生产测井分析油层水淹规律,然后进行精细油藏描述,建立油藏数值模拟模型,研究剩余油分布规律。在搞清油层中剩余油分布规律的基础上,进行了先导试验水平井,先导试验井产量高、无水采油期长,证明以上剩余油分布研究是正确的。最后提出水平井整体加密挖掘NmⅡ1砂体稠油底水油藏井间剩余油的开发调整策略。实际生产证明,NmⅡ1砂体水平井开发调整是成功的,为同类油藏的开发调整提供了生产经验。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that