谷氨酸棒杆菌GPAT功能基因鉴定与分析

甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)是三酰基甘油(TAG)合成过程中的关键酶.以谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)CG14为研究对象,利用生物信息学预测了Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032编码GPAT的多个候选功能基因,并选择其中之一cg2777基...     

小球藻Chlorella variabilis NC64A二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因的克隆表达与功能研究

为了揭示二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)在小球藻油脂合成过程中的作用, 对单细胞小球藻Chlorell avariabilis NC64A 的二酰甘油酰基转移酶进行原核克隆表达及功能初步研究。结果表明, 其编码序列为894bp, 编码 297 个氨基酸, 表达蛋白的表观分子量为 33 kDa, pI 9.48。保守结构域分析表明, 该蛋白属于Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs)超家族, 具有二酰甘油酰基转移酶活性, 序列位点H68, L71, F76, R94, I97 和GAA (144?146)组成特定的酰基受体结合口袋, 能够结合酰基?酰基载体蛋白(ACP)或者酰基辅酶A上的酰基, 催化三酰甘油合成的最后一步。表达蛋白与SsPDAT 和AtPDAT 的序列相似性分别为32%和24%, 表明该蛋白可能具有磷脂酰甘油酰基转移酶(PDAT)活性, 能利用磷脂上的酰基合成三酰甘油。因此, 采用薄层层析方法以L-α-磷脂酰胆碱和 1,2-二油酰-sn-甘油为底物, 检测到其确实具有PDAT 活性, 表明限氮条件下NC64A 中DGAT 的PDAT 活性可能促进了膜脂降解耦合三酰甘油的合成。     

大肠杆菌利用甘油生产1,2-丙二醇合成途径的构建及其代谢网络调节的研究

采用便宜易得的甘油为碳源,在大肠杆菌中构建了一条由磷酸二羟基丙酮生产1,2-丙二醇的异源代谢途径,通过敲除竞争支路醋酸的代谢途径,增强上游甘油到磷酸二羟丙酮的代谢通路,增加碳代谢流量及还原力,达到了平衡代谢网络中还原力和能量的目的。所构建的8株工程菌中,敲除菌株ΔtpiA得到了最好的发酵结果,1,2-丙二醇的产量达到1.3g/L,产率为0.21g/g。     

壳寡聚糖复合物的制备及对过氧化氢分解的研究

壳寡聚糖是壳聚糖降解以后聚合度为30以下的产物,壳寡聚糖水溶性好,且生物活性强.Fe2+、Mn2+均属于体内所必须的微量元素,对人体健康具有极其重要的作用.过氧化氢是生物体内代谢产物之一,它极易分解生成羟基自由基(HO·),过量积聚容易造成DNA损伤及癌变.本文选择金属铁和锰与壳寡聚糖进行配位,研究了不同温度、pH及反应时间对配位反应的影响,并将不同浓度配比的目标产物应用于H2O2的分解.1实验方法1.1 M-CTS-Fe2+/Mn2+配合物制备条件的优化[1]以去离子水为溶剂,分别加入0.071mmol的四水合氯化锰、0.036mmol硫酸亚铁胺(不超过人体必需…     

植物蛋白激酶MAPK及其在病原信号传导中的作用

植物蛋白激酶在信号传递过程中越来越受到关注。促细胞分裂剂激活性蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类存在于各种真核生物体中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶。它被上游激活因子MAPKK磷酸化而激活,并通过将底物蛋白上的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基磷酸化而传递信号。它与其他一些信号分子组成MAPK级联信号通路,接受外界刺激信号,将信号转入细胞内,影响特定基因的表达,它的作用受到不同因子的调节。文章主要介绍了植物体中的MAPK的结构特点、分类以及其在病原信号传导中的作用。     

植物油的电喷雾质谱分析

植物油中脂肪酸的种类、含量及三酰基甘油(又称甘油三酯)的结构直接决定了植物油的性质及其使用价值。选取几种在化妆品生产中较为常用的植物油进行电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)分析,得到茶树籽精油等9种植物油的正模式ESI质谱图。根据植物油的正模式质谱图中准分子离子峰的质荷比,结合三酰基甘油分子立体专一分布理论,应用自己开发的软件FAC.EXE,计算得出植物油中三酰基甘油分子的结构,为植物油结构分析提供了一种新的快速简便的方法。     

分子组装体中的手性非线性放大现象

正信息如何在分子间传递是一类重要科学问题.手性非线性放大现象(又名士兵长与士兵效应,the sergeants-and-soldiers effect)是手性信息在分子间传递并放大的现象,由少数手性分子(士兵长)"指挥"大量非手性分子(士兵)形成具较强手性信号的组装体.这种特殊的手性传递效应被广泛应用于不对称催化、手性药物拆分、分子组装等领域,并与手性起源密切关     

Wnt信号通路在哺乳动物卵泡发育中的作用

Wnt是一类癌基因。Wnt信号分子家族调控着多个组织脏器的胚胎发育,在动物发育过程中具有广泛的作用。Wnt信号通路作为一种在进化中高度保守的信号通路,在动物生长、发育、代谢和干细胞维持等多种生物学过程中发挥重要作用。     

gpd1基因莱茵衣藻表达载体构建及农杆菌介导转化莱茵衣藻

甘油3-磷酸酰基转移酶基因(gpd1)可以调控植物脂质代谢中关键酶甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GPDH)的活性,能促进植物脂质合成。本研究以莱茵衣藻FACHB-479为受体,通过克隆酵母gpd1基因,构建莱茵衣藻的农杆菌双元表达载体pRI-Ble-GPD1,首次以农杆菌介导法将携带在农杆菌LBA4404的gpd1基因转移到FACHB-479基因组。在含有10μg/m L博莱霉素的TAP平板筛选得到抗性藻体细胞。经过分子生物学PCR及RTPCR鉴定,获得转基因藻FACHB-GPD。尼罗红染色法鉴定分析FACHB-GPD细胞中油脂含量增高1.3~1.52倍。该研究表明农杆菌介导外源gpd1基因在莱茵衣藻FACHB-479基因组的过表达能增加脂肪酸含量,从而提高其产油能力。     

丙氨酰胺基硫脲及其阴离子配合物的手性传递

通过改变丙氨酸N端的取代基,设计合成了2种基于丙氨酸残基的酰胺基硫脲衍生物.通过X-射线单晶衍射、核磁共振波谱、吸收光谱和圆二色(CD)光谱等方法研究了2种不同取代基对硫脲分子自身及其阴离子络合物的氢键网络的影响以及由此引起的手性传递能力的不同.实验表明,当丙氨酸N端取代基为N,N-二甲基甘氨酸残基时,其羰基氧能与硫脲基团中的NH以分子内十元环氢键结合,分子呈折叠构象,实现了手性从丙氨酸残基到苯基硫脲基团的传递.阴离子加入后,该分子的硫脲基团与阴离子以双重氢键结合,分子原有的氢键网络发生改变,羰基氧与酰胺氮氢(NH)之间七元环氢键的存在将手性更多的限制于丙氨酸残基部分,手性传递至阴离子结合部位的效率极低.而N端被二甲基取代的硫脲衍生物由于分子内不同的氢键网络而表现出不同的手性传递能力:结合阴离子前,分子本身不具有折叠构象而无手性传递发生,结合阴离子后,新的氢键网络诱导了手性信号的长程传递.     

Direct addition of insulin inhibits a high affinity Ca2+-ATPase in isolated adipocyte plasma membranes.

The mechanism by which insulin regulates cellular metabolism remains unknown although indirect evidence suggests that alterations in intracellular calcium are important. More specifically, it has been proposed that insulin triggers an increase in intracellular calcium which is responsible for the subsequent modification of metabolic activities. The cell maintains a large electrochemical gradient for ionised calcium between the cytoplasm (less than 10(-6) M, as determined for muscle and nerve) and the extracellular environment (less than 10(-3) M). The plasma membrane may, therefore, be important in the regulation of calcium homeostasis, as a slight alteration in the processes maintaining this gradient could result in marked changes in cytoplasmic calcium. One such process is the active extrusion of calcium from the cell by a high affinity calcium-stimulated ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase). Such a mechanism has been well established in red cells and is postulated in nerve, liver and muscle. We have identified a high affinity Ca2+-ATPase in a plasma membrane-enriched subcellular fraction isolated from rat adipocytes which may provide the enzymatic basis for a calcium extrusion pump. We demonstrate here that the Ca2+-ATPase is specifically inhibited by the direct addition of physiological concentrations of insulin to the direct addition of physiological concentrations of insulin to the isolated plasma membranes. This effect suggests that direct regulation of calcium homeostasis may represent an important event in the mechanism of action of insulin.     

Insulin stimulation of glucose uptake can be mediated by diacylglycerol in adipocytes

An early effect of insulin in adipocytes is to stimulate glucose uptake. The increased uptake appears to be due to mobilization of glucose transporters from an intracellular location to the plasma membrane and to enhanced intrinsic activity of the transporters. Little is known about the insulin-generated signals causing these changes. Phorbol esters have been shown to mimic the insulin effect, but phosphorylation of the transporter does not seem to be involved. A phospho-oligosaccharide was recently shown to mimic the effects of insulin on protein phosphorylation, suggesting that it could be a mediator for some intracellular metabolic effects of the hormone, but it did not affect glucose uptake. A diacyglycerol is produced in the plasma membrane in conjunction with the generation of the phospho-oligosaccharide. Here I show that added 1,2-diacylglycerols potently increase glucose transporter-mediated uptake of glucose in rat adipocytes, but without activation of protein kinase C.     

中老年脂质代谢紊乱患者胰岛素抵抗相关因素分析

探讨中老年不同时期的脂质代谢紊乱患者对胰岛素抵抗(IR)影响的相关因素.91例中年期、182例老年期脂质代谢紊乱患者检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和体质量指数(BMI),并进行相关因素分析.中年期脂质代谢紊乱患者稳态胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与BMI相关,老年期脂质代谢紊乱患者HOMA-IR与TG水平相关.中年期脂质代谢紊乱患者体质量因素对其胰岛素抵抗的影响较为明显,随着年龄增长,老年期TG水平对其IR的影响较为明显.     

Ca2+-activated ATPase and ATP-dependent calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+ transport in islet cell plasma membrane

Calcium is known to play an essential part in the regulation of insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cell. Calcium influx/efflux studies indicate that glucose promotes an accumulation of calcium by the beta cell. However, interpretation of such data is particularly difficult due to the complex compartmentalization of calcium within the cell. Although indirect evidence using chlorotetracycline suggests that control of calcium homeostasis at the plasma membrane may be central to insulin secretion, the mechanism by which secretagogues influence the handling of calcium remains unknown. Despite its continuous diffusive entry, intracellular calcium is maintained in the submicromolar range by energy-dependent mechanisms. One such process which has been well characterized in erythrocytes is a plasma membrane calcium extrusion pump whose enzymatic basis is a high affinity (Ca+2 + Mg+2)ATPase. A similar mechanism regulated by insulin has recently been identified in adipocyte plasma membranes. We report here the presence of a high affinity (Ca+2 + Mg+2)ATPase and ATP-dependent calmodulin-stimulated calcium transport system in rat pancreatic islet cell plasma membranes.     

Insulin binds to brain blood vessels in vivo.

The brain has generally been considered an insulin-independent organ, because insulin does not apparently exert a direct effect on brain glucose consumption. Recently, however, insulin receptors have been detected throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of several species. Since important insights into the functional significance of brain insulin receptors might be provided by identification of the cell type(s) possessing these receptors, we have attempted to localise them morphologically using light and electron microscope autoradiography. We report here results indicating that blood vessels throughout the CNS of the rat bind plasma insulin rapidly and with considerable specificity.     

Combined effects of adrenaline and insulin on active electrogenic Na+-K+ transport in rat soleus muscle.

Both beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulants (such as adrenaline and salbutamol) and insulin can increase active Na+-K+ transport and hyperpolarise skeletal cells. Thus, adrenaline and insulin, which are otherwise antagonistic regulators of several metabolic processes, have one action in common, namely, stimulation of active ion translocation. This is especially interesting as cyclic AMP stimulates Na+-K+ transport, whereas a lowering of the cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic AMP has been proposed as an early signal in the action of insulin. Here we report the results of experiments in which the active Na+-K+ transport and membrane potential (EM) of rat soleus muscles were studied during the action of supramaximal doses of insulin and beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulants, alone and in combination. We conclude that the stimulant action of insulin on active electrogenic Na+-K+ transport is unlikely to be evoked by a lowering of the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP.     

Leukocytes express a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein-kinase devoid of an extracellular domain

Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins is a key to the control of diverse pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. The protein-tyrosine kinases described to date are either transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain or cytoplasmic proteins related to the v-src oncogene. Most of these proteins are expressed in a wide variety of cells and tissues; few are tissue-specific. Previous studies have suggested that lymphokines could mediate haematopoietic cell survival through their action on glucose transport, regulated in some cells through the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. We have investigated the possibility that insulin receptor-like genes are expressed specifically in haematopoietic cells. Using the insulin receptor-related avian sarcoma oncogene v-ros as a probe, we have isolated and characterized the complementary DNA of a novel gene, ltk (leukocyte tyrosine kinase). The ltk gene is expressed mainly in leukocytes, is related to several tyrosine kinase receptor genes of the insulin receptor family and has unique structural properties: it apparently encodes a transmembrane protein devoid of an extracellular domain. Two candidate ltk proteins have been identified with antibodies in the mouse thymus, and have properties indicating that they are integral membrane proteins. These features suggest that ltk could be a signal transduction subunit for one or several of the haematopoietic receptors.     

岩藻黄质的功能特性及其在食品中的应用

岩藻黄质是一类含有特殊结构的丙二烯类胡萝卜素,具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗肥胖及抗糖尿病等生物活性和良好的营养与保健价值,己成为海洋食品营养功效因子研究与开发的热点之一。概述了岩藻黄质的来源及提取方法、代谢及吸收途径、稳定性和安全性等理化基础特性,并深入阐述其抗氧化、抗癌、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病、抗光损伤等功能特性及其在食品中的应用,尤其对岩藻黄质显著的抗肥胖和抗糖尿病活性进行了深入梳理与分析。岩藻黄质主要通过调节线粒体解偶联蛋白1来避免过多的脂肪堆积,通过调节致肥基因的表达起到抗肥胖的作用；而对于抗糖尿病活性主要是通过下调脂肪细胞mRNA的表达或上调小鼠骨骼肌上的葡萄糖载体,减少血糖和增加血浆中胰岛素的含量,进而有效调节血糖含量。希望这些信息为岩藻黄质研究人员提供参考,为岩藻黄质在食品产业进一步开发利用提供借鉴。     

Evidence that the insulin secretagogue, beta-cell-tropin, is ACTH22-39

The pituitary neurointermediate lobe of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice contains a hormone which stimulates insulin release and which cross-reacts with a -COOH-terminal ACTH antiserum, suggesting that it is related to corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP), the 18-39 fragment of ACTH. The hormone, which we have called beta-cell-tropin, has been shown to be present in the plasma of the ob/ob mouse and to potentiate glucose induced insulin secretion. We have now shown that ACTH22-39 prepared by tryptic digestion of human synthetic CLIP behaves similarly on Biogel chromatography and on reverse-phase HPLC to the naturally occurring beta-cell-tropin. Furthermore, beta-cell-tropin and ACTH22-39 have indistinguishable antigenic and insulin releasing properties.