月壤工程地质特性综述

根据国内外的最新研究成果,综述了近年来月壤工程地质力学特性研究的新进展.首先简述了月壤的矿物特征与化学成分,分析了月壤的级配、颗粒形态与孔隙率等物理性质;然后总结了月壤的变形特性与强度特征,阐述了目前模拟月壤的主要类别,及其内摩擦角、弹性参数等力学参数的研究成果;最后指出月壤研究中存在的问题,即模拟月壤试验必须注意环境变量(如弱重力)及化学成分对于工程地质性质的影响,同时应加强对月壤动力性质方面的研究.     

TJ 1模拟月壤承载特性物理模型试验研究

借助现代土力学试验技术研究月壤工程特性,是解决月球上岩土工程问题的一个可行方法.室内载荷物理模型试验是研究土体承载特性的重要方法.本研究自行设计加工了一套可以实现加载速率控制的加载装置,采用试验材料为Tongji-1(简称TJ-1)模拟月壤,对4种不同尺寸的圆盘载荷板进行加载速率控制条件下的载荷模型试验,同时测定了基底土压力分布.试验结果表明:在相同载荷板条件下,TJ-1模拟月壤的地基极限承载力和变形模量随加载速率的增加而增加;在相同加载速率条件下,TJ-1模拟月壤的地基极限承载力和变形模量随载荷板尺寸增加而增加;加载时基底中心土压力最大.     

The modeling analysis of microwave emission from stratified media of non-uniform lunar cratered terrain surface for Chinese Chang-E 1 observation

In China’s first lunar exploration project,Chang-E 1,the multi-channel (3.0,7.8,19.35,37 GHz) microwave radiometers were aboard the satellite,with the purpose of measuring microwave brightness temperature from lunar surface and surveying the global distribution of lunar regolith layer thickness,and global evaluation of 3He content.To analyze the modeling of microwave radiative transfer from three-layered media of lunar surface,some factors,such as the cratered lunar surface roughness,scattering of regolith particulate medium with temperature profile,are discussed.Based on the statistics of the lunar cratered terrain and using Monte Carlo (MC) method,the cratered lunar surfaces are numerically generated.The triangulated network is utilized to divide the undulated lunar surface into discrete triangle meshes with the size 10 m as a digital surface topography.The reflectivities of each plane mesh are calculated,and the average reflectivity for all MC-realized lunar surfaces is obtained.It is found that under the spatial resolution of 30 km×30 km of Chang-E 1 radiometer observation,the lunar surface can be well modeled as a flat surface.It makes the predominance of the parameters,such as the regolith layer thickness and stratified structures,to be studied.Using the radiative transfer equation of stratified media with dense scatterers,the scattering coefficient of the regolith particulate medium is found negligible,and the emission is mainly governed by the absorptive property of the medium.Brightness temperature of multi-layered media,i.e.lunar soil,regolith layer with temperature profile and underlying rock media,are derived and calculated,and relevant main factors to affect the modeling and emission simulation are analyzed.     

塔中奥陶系大型不整合面与风化壳岩溶发育

塔里木盆地经历了多期构造运动,造成沉积间断,继而形成一系列重大的地层不整合面.塔中地区奥陶系主要发育有两个大型的不整合面T47和T07,它们受构造和海平面的共同控制,暴露时间长,规模大,在区域上控制了两期强烈的风化壳岩溶事件的发育.第一期位于下奥陶统顶部不整合面之下,第二期位于上奥陶统顶部不整合面之下.这两期岩溶特征因其上覆不整合面的特征不同而不同.不整合面对岩溶发育的控制主要体现在两个方面,一是不整合面形态对分化壳岩溶发育范围的控制,二是不整合面的强度级别对分化壳岩溶发育深度的控制.     

利用相比率影像方法研究月球月谷Schroteri区域

我们利用月球侦察轨道器（LRO）的窄角相机（NAC）数据,使用一种新的光学遥感方法—相比率影像法,来评估月表亚分辨率尺度的粗糙度.我们用该方法对月面谷Vallis Schrteri地区的三维相比率影像进行分析后发现,在月面谷侧面上风化物的复杂运动模式与撞击坑并无关联,而是由风化物和岩屑形成的,而非冲击熔融.     

The long-term denudation rate of granitic regolith in Qinhuangdao,North China determined from the in situ depth profile of the cosmogenic nuclides 26Al and 10Be

This study quantifies the surface denudation rate of granitic regolith via the application of the in situ cosmogenic ^26Al and ^10Be depth profile in China. The concentration ranges of ^26Al and ^10Be in the quartz along the -3-m granitic regolith profile in Qinhuangdao are （4.9-23.1） × 10^5 and （2.3-36.6）×10^4 atoms/g, respectively. With the exception of the surface sample, both ^26Al and ^10Be concentrations decrease exponentially with sample depth. The Chi-square best-fitting results revealed a total denudation rate of -9 m/Ma averaged over a 103-105 a timescale, which is lower than the values observed in global granitic outcrops. Compared with global datasets, the flat terrain due to the lack of tectonic activities is most likely the dominant factor that controls the local denudation process. The surface sample offsets from the theoretical cosmogenic nuclide distribution implies that the denudation rate from river basin sediment could be overestimated because of the bioturbation in the surficial soil layer.     

Translucent glass globules on the Moon

Glass is ubiquitous in lunar regolith,and volcanism and hyper-velocity impacts are the major mechanisms of forming lunar glasses.Volcanic glasses on the Moon oc...     

Shoemaker crater as the source of most ejecta blocks on the asteroid 433 Eros

The loose material--regolith--on the surfaces of asteroids is thought to represent ballistically emplaced ejecta from impacts but the identification of source craters and the detailed study of the regolith modification have been hampered by the limited spatial resolution and area coverage of the few asteroids imaged by spacecraft. Here we report the results of global mapping of the asteroid 433 Eros from high-resolution images obtained by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft. Based on the images and ejecta-emplacement models, we suggest that most large ejecta blocks on Eros originate from a relatively young 7.6-km-diameter crater. A large fraction of the ejecta from impacts pre-dating that crater has apparently been buried or eroded. The images also show evidence for the action of a variety of sorting environments for regolith particles after they are deposited on the surface.     

Global inventory of Helium-3 in lunar regoliths estimated by a multi-channel microwave radiometer on the Chang-E 1 lunar satellite

Helium-3 (³He) implanted by solar wind in the lunar regolith is a valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. On the basis of the Apollo regolith samples, a linear relationship between ³He abundance and solar wind flux, optical maturity and TiO₂ content has been presented. China successfully launched its first lunar exploration satellite Chang-E 1 (CE-1) on October 24, 2007. A multi-channeled microwave radiometer was aboard the satellite with the purpose of measuring microwave thermal emission from the lunar surface layer. From the multi-channel brightness temperature (T_b) observed by CE-1, the global distribution of the regolith thickness was inverted from the multi-channel T_b, and was used to evaluate the total amount of ³He per unit area in the lunar regolith. The global inventory of ³He was estimated as being 6.6×10⁸ kg; 3.7×10⁸ kg for the lunar nearside and 2.9×10⁸ kg for the lunar farside.     

Production of iron nanoparticles by laser irradiation in a simulation of lunar-like space weathering

'Space weathering' is the term applied to the darkening and reddening of planetary surface materials with time, along with the changes to the depths of absorption bands in their optical spectra. It has been invoked to explain the mismatched spectra of lunar rocks and regolith, and between those of asteroids and meteorites. The formation of nanophase iron particles on regolith grains as a result of micrometeorite impacts or irradiation by the solar wind has been proposed as the main cause of the change in the optical properties. But laboratory simulations have not revealed the presence of these particles, although nano-second-pulse laser irradiation did reproduce the optical changes. Here we report observations by transmission electron microscopy of olivine samples subjected to pulse laser irradiation. We find within the amorphous vapour-deposited rims of olivine grains nanophase iron particles similar to those observed in the rims of space-weathered lunar regolith grains. Reduction by hydrogen atoms implanted by the solar wind is therefore not necessary to form the particles. Moreover, the results support the idea that ordinary chondrites came from S-type asteroids, and thereby provides some constraints on the surface exposure ages of those asteroids.     

浅析水平线圈法在干旱浮土覆盖地区的找矿效果

文章概要分析了水平线圈法在干旱浮土覆盖地区普查找矿的效果和效率。     

基于光学数据的月壤介电常数的反演

摘要：月球元素含量的反演有利于了解月球物质成分的分布从而对月球矿产资源开发利用提供重要依据,对于月球科学的研究具有重要意义。本文利用LSCC数据和Clementine光学数据在全月球的角度上对月壤中FeO和TiO_2的含量进行反演,并基于回归分析建立介电常数和FeO和TiO_2含量总和的耦合关系,进而对介电常数进行反演,并与实测点的数据进行比较,验证了利用光学数据反演月壤元素含量以及通过回归分析反演介电常数的可行性,为月表反演的研究提供了新的思路。     

Lunar activity from recent gas release

Samples of material returned from the Moon have established that widespread lunar volcanism ceased about 3.2 Gyr ago. Crater statistics and degradation models indicate that last-gasp eruptions of thin basalt flows continued until less than 1.0 Gyr ago, but the Moon is now considered to be unaffected by internal processes today, other than weak tidally driven moonquakes and young fault systems. It is therefore widely assumed that only impact craters have reshaped the lunar landscape over the past billion years. Here we report that patches of the lunar regolith in the Ina structure were recently removed. The preservation state of relief, the number of superimposed small craters, and the 'freshness' (spectral maturity) of the regolith together indicate that features within this structure must be as young as 10 Myr, and perhaps are still forming today. We propose that these features result from recent, episodic out-gassing from deep within the Moon. Such out-gassing probably contributed to the radiogenic gases detected during past lunar missions. Future monitoring (including Earth-based observations) should reveal the composition of the gas, yielding important clues to volatiles archived at great depth over the past 4-4.5 Gyr.     

Evidence of atmospheric sulphur in the martian regolith from sulphur isotopes in meteorites

Sulphur is abundant at the martian surface, yet its origin and evolution over time remain poorly constrained. This sulphur is likely to have originated in atmospheric chemical reactions, and so should provide records of the evolution of the martian atmosphere, the cycling of sulphur between the atmosphere and crust, and the mobility of sulphur in the martian regolith. Moreover, the atmospheric deposition of oxidized sulphur species could establish chemical potential gradients in the martian near-surface environment, and so provide a potential energy source for chemolithoautotrophic organisms. Here we present measurements of sulphur isotopes in oxidized and reduced phases from the SNC meteorites--the group of related achondrite meteorites believed to have originated on Mars--together with the results of laboratory photolysis studies of two important martian atmospheric sulphur species (SO2 and H2S). The photolysis experiments can account for the observed sulphur-isotope compositions in the SNC meteorites, and so identify a mechanism for producing large abiogenic 34S fractionations in the surface sulphur reservoirs. We conclude that the sulphur data from the SNC meteorites reflects deposition of oxidized sulphur species produced by atmospheric chemical reactions, followed by incorporation, reaction and mobilization of the sulphur within the regolith.     

太阳风离子在月面的反射过程及对月面电场的影响

为探究月表磁异常区对太阳风离子产生反射的原理, 基于嫦娥二号卫星携带太阳风离子探测器的探测数据, 用单粒子模拟法反演太阳风离子运动, 并分析离子入射角和反射角的分布. 实验结果表明： 太阳风离子先被月壤向各方向大范围散射, 再被月面电场向天顶方向加速; 太阳风中, 月面有45~75 V电势, 该正电势对月面反射的太阳风离子有显著影响.     

核聚变与开发月球3 He资源的可行性研究

对开发月球^3He资源作为D-^3He聚变燃料的核聚变反应堆的经济技术和可行性进行了研究。对太阳风的参数分析与月球表层土中的^3He储量作了估计,对开采月球上^3He的可行性及D-^3He与D-T燃料的聚变能单位电价进行了比较。D-^3He聚变在经济上是可行的,它比通常的D-T为燃料的聚变电站更为安全、干净、可靠。     

D-3 He先进燃料聚变空间核动力推进器的可行性探索

探索了一种高比推力、高有效载荷的D-3 He聚变燃料火箭的可行性,对化学燃料火箭、裂变燃料推进器与聚变燃料火箭发射时的有效载荷份额与飞行使命的时间之间的折衷关系做了比较。从能量守恒关系分析了D-3 He聚变燃料火箭先进性的基本原理,以及运用D-3 He聚变反应作为空间飞行推进单元的优点。除了月球表层土中有丰富的氦-3资源外,也对地球外层空间中其余行星,如金星、水星和火星上的3He资源作了定量的估算。     

Formation of the 'Great Unconformity' as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion

The transition between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, beginning 542?million years (Myr) ago, is distinguished by the diversification of multicellular animals and by their acquisition of mineralized skeletons during the Cambrian period. Considerable progress has been made in documenting and more precisely correlating biotic patterns in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian fossil record with geochemical and physical environmental perturbations, but the mechanisms responsible for those perturbations remain uncertain. Here we use new stratigraphic and geochemical data to show that early Palaeozoic marine sediments deposited approximately 540-480?Myr ago record both an expansion in the area of shallow epicontinental seas and anomalous patterns of chemical sedimentation that are indicative of increased oceanic alkalinity and enhanced chemical weathering of continental crust. These geochemical conditions were caused by a protracted period of widespread continental denudation during the Neoproterozoic followed by extensive physical reworking of soil, regolith and basement rock during the first continental-scale marine transgression of the Phanerozoic. The resultant globally occurring stratigraphic surface, which in most regions separates continental crystalline basement rock from much younger Cambrian shallow marine sedimentary deposits, is known as the Great Unconformity. Although Darwin and others have interpreted this widespread hiatus in sedimentation on the continents as a failure of the geologic record, this palaeogeomorphic surface represents a unique physical environmental boundary condition that affected seawater chemistry during a time of profound expansion of shallow marine habitats. Thus, the formation of the Great Unconformity may have been an environmental trigger for the evolution of biomineralization and the 'Cambrian explosion' of ecologic and taxonomic diversity following the Neoproterozoic emergence of animals.     

嫦娥1号绕月探测——中国航天迈向深空

随着1994年的“克莱门汀”号和1998年的“月球勘探者”号月球探测器的发射成功和取得的新的科学发现,在21世纪初,世界各国相继宣布以月球和火星探测为中心的深空探测计划,掀起自阿波罗计划之后的第二次月球探测高潮。中国在卫星应用和载人航天取得突破性进展之后,适时开展月球探测,填补了中国在深空探测领域的空白。绕月探测工程的实施经历了长达10年的政治、经济、科技等方面的综合论证,于2004年初开始正式启动。2007年初,第一颗月球探测卫星——嫦娥1号的各项设施已经全部准备就绪,待命出厂,择机发射,以确保首发必成。嫦娥1号绕月探测卫星的科学目标包括绘制月球立体地图、探测月表物质成分、探测月壤厚度和探测地月空间环境等4项科学任务。     

Mars' volatile and climate history.

There is substantial evidence that the martian volatile inventory and climate have changed markedly throughout the planet's history. Clues come from areas as disparate as the history and properties of the deep interior, the composition of the crust and regolith, the morphology of the surface, composition of the present-day atmosphere, and the nature of the interactions between the upper atmosphere and the solar wind. We piece together the relevant observations into a coherent view of the evolution of the martian climate, focusing in particular on the observations that provide the strongest constraints.