Characterization of individual fly ash particles in surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan

This research aimed to identify and characterize individual spherical fly ash particles extracted from surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No.1 (UG1), Eastern Tien Shan, central Asia. Characterization of the spherical particles (i.e. morphology, chemical composition and genesis) was obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). This method enabled the characterization of submicroscopic spherical particles, which were present in very small quantities. Spherical particles and agglomerates were identified according to their morphology in five snow samples. Prevalent particle types in all samples were granular spherical particles, hollow spherical particles, irregularly shaped carbonaceous particles and agglomerates. The vast majority of spherical particles in our samples had mostly smooth and glossy surfaces, although these particles varied in diameter and elemental composition. The diameter of fly ash particles ranged from 0.76 to 16.7 m, with an average of 3.79 m (median: 3.21 m). Individual particle analyses of elemental composition showed that particles formed in combustion were mainly composed of carbon, silicon, aluminum and trace elements (e.g. Na, K, Ca, Fe). Some spherical fly ash particles contained toxic heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cr, As, Zn), and indicated that fly ash particles acted as the main possible carriers of toxic heavy metals deposited in snow and ice of glaciers in high altitudes of central Asia. On the basis of chemical information obtained from EDX, the fly ash particles deposited in the snow could be classified into four types. Namely, Si-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.24 m were formed by industrial coal combustion via high temperature processes in typical coal-fired heating stations and thermal power plants. Moreover, Fe-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.82 m, and Ti-dominant spherical particles formed by lower temperature processes in foundry and iron or steel plants. In addition, C-dominant particles, with average diameters of 8.43 m, formed from unburned coal. Fe-dominant particles had larger average diameters than Sidominant particles, indicating that the former were easier to form and developed earlier in the furnace because of their differential melting points of compositional oxide. Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that the developed urban regions of central Asia contributed the primary fly ash particles from industrial combustion to the study site through the high-level westerlies jet steam.     

Variations in the equilibrium line altitude of Urumqi Glacier No.1, Tianshan Mountains, over the past 50 years

The glacier ELA is one of the important parameters reflecting climate change.Based on observations of the equilibrium line altitude(ELA) of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains,we established a statistical model between ELA and its major influencing factors,warm season air temperature(air temperature averages for May,June,July and August) and annual precipitation.Result showed that,warm season air temperature was the leading climatic factor influencing ELA variations.The glacier ELA ascends(descends) 61.7 m when warm season air temperature increases(decreases) by 1°C,and ascends(descends) 13.1 m when cold season precipitation decreases(increases) by 10%.In the period 1959-2008,the glacier ELA showed a general increasing trend,ascending108 m and reaching its highest altitude in 2008 at 4168 m a.s.l.,close to the glacier summit.If future climate is similar to that in the past 50 years,the ELA of Urumqi Glacier No.1 will still ascend with a speed of 2.16 m/a.However,If future climate is similar to that in the period 2000-2008,the ELA will still ascend with a speed of 6.5 m/a before it is stable.As a result of ELA variation,the accumulation area ratio(AAR) of the glacier showed a decreasing trend during the past 50 years.     

天山一号冰川地区气候要素的变化及其对冰川物质平衡的影响

通过对逐日气温、降水、流量和相对湿度等实测数据进行小波分析,提取了天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川地区近10年来的气候变化特征.在此基础上,运用灰熵关联分析方法进一步研究了冰川物质平衡量与不同气候要素的关联关系.结果显示:研究区气候要素在4d,16d,32d和64d尺度上的变化存在阶段性、周期性和弱趋势性三大特征;在较宽的时间尺度上,气温要素的极大值与极小值呈非对称性变化;1996-2004年期间,冰川物质平衡主要受气温类要素的影响;9-5月(物质平衡年)的降水量是冰川物质积累的重要来源.     

Changes in physical features of Glacier No. 1 of the Tianshan Mountains in response to climate change

This study analyzes the changes in glacier zones and snow composition of Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains of China since 1961,and their possible relations with climate.It is found that precipitation dominated the snow composition and that air temperature and precipitation controlled the distribution of glacier zones,but interannual change in precipitation had a relatively large effect on glacier zones and snow composition during 1963–1981 (P10) and 1963–1989 (P11).However,during 1982–2007 (P20) and 19...     

Organic acids: Differences in ice core records between Glacier 1, Tianshan, China and the polar areas

Formate (HCOO-), acetate (CH₃COO-), oxalate (C₂O₄^2-) and pyruvate ((CO)C₂O₄^2-) are detected in a 14.08-m-long ice core recovered in Glacier 1 at the Urumqi riverhead, Tianshan, China, which is a mid-latitude alpine glacier (43°06′N, 86°49′E). the mean concentrations for the four organic acids in recent four decades are (102.8±147.3), (392.3±390.8), (6.9±14.8) and (4.2±8.3) ng/g, respectively, with the ratio for HCOO^-/CH₃COO^- of 0.34 ± 0.43. They represent the major acid components, and originate mainly from anthropogenic emission in the nearby industrial cities. Compared with Greenland and Antarctica, Glacier 1 is much higher in carboxylic acids, which were not subjected to long distance transportation as well as complicated atmospheric reactions. The alpine glacier can be, therefore, useful to reconstructing human pollution scenario to the regional atmosphere.     

Variations of the spring precipitation day numbers reconstructed from tree rings in the Urumqi River drainage,Tianshan Mts. over the last 370 years

The tree-ring cores of Tianshan spruces col-lected from nine sites in the Urumqi River drainage of the middle Tianshan Mountains were used to establish three types of the tree-ring width chronologies over the last 370 years, using the international standard method of dendro-chronology. Our study demonstrates that dendrochronologycan be better used to reconstruct the number of the precipi-tation day than to reconstruct the precipitation amount in middle Tianshan Mountains. It is found that the residual chronology among the three tree-ring width chronologies has the best relationship with number of spring precipitation days from May 20 to June 8. The chronologies at Haxiong-gou B site and Zaierdegou site in the Urumiqi drainage have the highest correlation with the observed number of spring precipitation days at Daxigou meteorological station, and are used to reconstruct the spring precipitation days over the last 370 years in the drainage. The main significant decreasing trend of the number of the spring precipitation days oc-curred during 1665--1717, while the significant increasing trends happened during 1805--1841 and 1914--1943. The reconstructed series of the number of spring precipitation days has quasi-periodic variations of 3.3, 2.1, 2.5, 12.3 and 32.0 years with the dominated short periodical changes. The long cycle of 32 years is shown quite clearly in the 10-year smoothed sequence. The maximum spring precipitation days occurred mainly in the 1630s, 1840s and 1940s, while the lowest number of spring precipitation days for the 10-year average occurred in the 1710s.     

亚洲中部中更新世以来气候环境变化--来自天山北坡黄土沉积的证据

亚洲中部干旱区的形成演化对于理解干旱区大气粉尘的全球气候环境效应等具有极重要的科学价值。天山北坡沙湾县东湾镇厚71m的风成黄土为探讨该区环境演化提供了极好素材。对该剖面气候代用指标分析表明，中更新世以来气候环境经历了3个时期，在0．60和0．25Ma左右发生了重要气候事件，现在干旱气候格局是0．25Ma左右形成延续至今。     

2005～2007年武汉亚洲心脏病医院钙拮抗剂应用分析

目的:分析武汉亚洲心脏病医院钙拮抗剂应用情况及发展趋势.方法:对该院2005年~2007年钙拮抗剂的用药金额、用药频度、消耗金额进行统计.结果:钙拮抗剂的消耗金额呈上升趋势,氨氯地平的消耗金额最高,左氨氯地平和硝苯地平控释片的用药频度占前两位.结论:长效二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂具有广阔的市场前景.     

Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau

From Global Position System (GPS) measurements, there is a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau. This phenomenon is difficult to be interpreted by simple two-dimensional modeling from a geodynamic point of view. Because of the extremely thick crust and the lower crust with relatively high temperature in the Tibetan Plateau, the lithospheric rheology in Tibet and surrounding areas present a complex structure. In general, the tectonic structure of the Tibetan Plateau consists of brittle upper crust, ductile lower crust, high viscosity lithospheric upper mantle, and low viscosity asthenosphere, the same as the case in many other continental regions. However, the lower crust in the Tibetan Plateau is much more ductile with a lower viscosity than those of its surroundings at the same depth, and the effective viscosity is low along the collision fault zone. In this study, we construct a three-dimensional Maxwell visco-elastic model in spherical coordinate system, and simulate the deformation process of the Tibetan Plateau driven by a continuous push from the Indian plate. The results show that the existence of the soft lower crust under the plateau makes the entire plateau uplift as a whole, and the Himalayas and the eastern Himalayan syntax uplift faster. Since the lower crust of surrounding blocks is harder except in the southeastern corner where the high-temperature material is much softer and forms an exit channel for material transfer, after the whole plateau reaches a certain height, the lower crustal and upper mantle material begins to move eastward or southeastward and drag the upper crust to behave same way. Thus, from the macroscopic point of view, a relative rigid motion of the plateau with a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax is developed. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-123) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40774048 and 90814014)     

Atmospheric Pb variations in Central Asia since 1955 from Muztagata ice core record, eastern Pamirs

Measurements of Pb in the well-preserved and dated snow and ice layers in glaciers can be used to recon- struct the past changes of atmospheric lead concentra- tions and to determine the trends of atmospheric pollu- tion. The lead data obtained from Greenland ice cap revealed severe air pollution in the Northern Hemi- sphere over the past three millennia. This lead pollution started from as early as Rome times[1], and increased remarkably from the Industrial Revolution to the end of the 1960…     

新疆东天山地区自然铜矿带地质特征

文章对新疆东天山自然铜成矿带的地质特征进行了研究,该自然铜矿化带处于觉罗塔格金、铜、铁构造成矿带内,自然铜矿点自西向东分布于十里坡地区、黑龙峰地区和长城山地区;自然铜矿点的赋矿围岩为下石炭统马头滩组玄武岩和凝灰岩,矿石矿物主要以自然铜和砷铜矿为主,自然铜矿点中铜含量较高;通过对十里坡和黑龙峰自然铜矿点2个地球化学剖面的研究和对比,表明成矿元素铜受地层控制明显,2个自然铜矿点在大地构造位置,赋矿地层,赋矿岩石、铜的赋存状态和成矿元素组合方面有很多共性,认为东天山若干自然铜矿点是同一成矿作用的产物,东天山地区可能存在连续几百公里的自然铜成矿带.     

厌氧微生物对新疆六中区稠油的降解特性

厌氧微生物作为油藏中微生物的重要组成部分,受到人们越来越多的关注,但是关于对原油的降解效果和降解机制的研究报道较少.对发酵菌富集培养物和产甲烷菌富集培养物作用前后的原油进行色质联用分析,结果表明:产甲烷菌富集培养物作用后的原油,其原油族组成变化明显,饱和烃和胶质相对含量降低,而芳香烃和沥青质相对含量上升,其中正构烷烃的含量有所增加,尤其是大于C22的正构烷烃的含量增加明显,藿烷及其同系物的含量也都有所上升.而发酵菌富集培养物作用后,饱和烃、芳烃以及胶质含量都略有上升,变化最明显的沥青质作用后下降了2%,发酵菌富集培养物降解了原油中的杂环芳烃二苯并噻吩和二苯并呋喃.同时两种富集培养物对二环芳烃的降解作用明显.产甲烷菌富集培养物和发酵菌富集培养物作用后,新疆六中区原油中短链正构烷烃含量相对增加,而长链正构烷烃含量则相对减少,∑nC21-/∑nC22+值由作用前1.033分别下降到1.023和1.015,Pr/Ph的值基本都保持在0.945左右,但是Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18都有所增大.总的来说,产甲烷菌富集培养物对原油的降解作用更明显,两种不同厌氧微生物的富集培养物对原油的作用表现出了一定的选择性.     

No benefits from warming even for subnival vegetation in the central Himalayas

Global temperature has been increasing at unprecedented rates during the Anthropocene,impacting both natural and human sys-tems [1].Alpine biomes,among the most...     

Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment of Tianshan Mountains

The Tianshan Mountains are an important active structural belt in the interior of Eurasia. By integrated methods of surface geology survey and interpretation of seismic profiles, we distinguish fold scarps located at the south limb of the Kuqatawu anticline and the north limb of the Dongqiulitag anticline in the Kuqa rejuvenation foreland thrust belt, south piedmont of central segment of the Tianshan Mountains. Fold scarp is a newly found structural phenomenon. Because of the bend of thrust plane and the movement of hanging wall above the thrust plane, the original horizontal deposits of hanging wall and their surface become a monocline structure, resulting from the separating and migration of the active and fixed axial surfaces. Measuring the geometry of fold scarp and using the data of age of the deformed deposits, the crustal shortening rate resulting from the deeply seated subsurface thrust is calculated. The crustal shortening rate reflected by the fold scarp located at the north limb of the Dngqiulitag anticline is (1±0.1) mm/a. The fold scarps of the Dongqiulitag anticline and the Kuqatawu anticline identify that the deformation process of the crustal compressive structures in the Kuqa area extends into the Late Quaternary.     

2005年新疆乌市、喀什、奎屯高考体育加试成绩对比分析

随着招生考试机制的逐步完善,组织管理经验的不断积累,相关规章制度的逐步建立,体育加试工作的总体情况较好,但仍存在着一些问题。文章通过2005年新疆乌市、喀什、奎屯三个高考体育加试考点中学生的各测试项目成绩为研究对象,具体分析了其中存在的问题,并且对今后新疆的体育加试工作提出建议。     

Numerical simulation of the radar echo from a ship in ocean clutter

A comprehensive approach which combines the generalized forward-backward method (GFBM) with the spectral acceleration algorithm (SAA) is developed. The angular radar echo from a rough ocean surface with a ship present, and with the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) components incidencing at low grazing angle, is numerically simulated; and its functional dependences upon the polarization, observation angle, sea surface wind speed, ship location and other parameters are analyzed.     

煤层钻孔瓦斯流量的数值模拟

煤层瓦斯流动是一个复杂的非线性物理过程,为定量模拟钻孔瓦斯流量,在分析煤层瓦斯流动基本特征的基础上,把吸附瓦斯的解吸视为游离瓦斯渗流的连续分布源,建立了煤层瓦斯流动的数学模型。通过数学变换,确定了煤层瓦斯流动数学模型的基本方程和定解条件。运用有限元方法对煤层瓦斯流动方程进行了求解,编制了FORTRAN解算程序。介绍了煤层钻孔瓦斯流量数值模拟的工程实例,将数值模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,分析了偏差产生的原因。研究结果表明,数值模拟准确反映了煤层瓦斯流动基本规律,能够定量预测煤层钻孔瓦斯流量。     

煤层钻孔瓦斯抽放数值模拟

为了寻求合理的钻孔抽放参数,采用数值模拟的方法,应用计算流体力学软件fluent6.3建立了钻孔瓦斯抽放流动模型,通过气体渗流理论模拟抽放过程瓦斯流动规律,分析了抽放负压和煤层渗透率对瓦斯抽放效果的影响规律。结果表明:瓦斯抽放有效半径为2 m左右,抽放负压对抽放半径的影响不是很明显;瓦斯抽出量随抽放负压的升高而增加;煤层渗透率对瓦斯抽放量的影响比较大。模拟的抽放影响半径与现场实测结果基本一致。该模型可以对现场瓦斯抽放提供理论指导。     

AMS dating on glacial tills at the source area of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains and its implications

Using accelerating mass spectrometry (AMS) dating method, a dating has been made on the primary calcium carbonate in tills and secondary calcium carbonate coating on till gravel and the roche moutonnee formed since the Last Glaciation at the source area of the Urumqi River valley in the Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China. The results reveal that the carbonate content in the tills in this noncarbonate area is high enough to date by AMS, that the carbon in the coatings on the newly exposed roche moutons and in the modern till is modern carbon and so the¹⁴C dating results in the ancient till can represent the actual ages of the till formation, and that the warm period during the Holocene began as early as 6 500 a B. P. and lasted to 1 800 a B. P.